Salih Yılmaz Russian Federation has been recognized with the strategy called as “Putin Doctrine” at the beginning of the 21st century. Accordingly, the West is no longer a reliable partner of Russia. The sovereignty of the post-Soviet countries is under the protection of Russia. Russian World and Russian Orthodoxy have become strong.
Today, the term “Russia's Way” has become almost acceptable throughout the world. Therefore, Russia began to be recognized as a society and state that has not accepted or want to accept the philosophy of “the way of common reason”. In both domestic and foreign policy, there is no effective force that can oppose this 'special' situation to Russia. Russian poet and diplomat Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev says in his famous quatrain:
Russia can't be understood with the mind alone,
No ordinary yardstick can span her greatness:
She stands alone, unique –
In Russia, one can only believe.
This aphorism is the most common phrase that describes Russia. According to Tyutchev, if we want to understand Russia, it is necessary to “believe it”. To understand the role of the “savior” that the Russians have assigned to them since history, it is necessary to know their history, foreign policy and security doctrines.
When you read this book I'm sure you can find answers to some of these questions. In this book, the change and transformation of Russia in Putin Period and the general reasons of these policies are explained. In addition to this book, I would also recommend you to read our book “Is Russia & Turkey Eurasian Pact Possible?”
In addition to the general reader, this book has been prepared to provide guidance to experts, diplomats and students working in the field of “Security Studies”, “Political Science and International Relations” and “History”.
I wish you a good reading.

Samet Yüce This study mainly focuses on the regional dynamics of the Middle East and Qatar's political behaviours after the Arab Spring from a theoretical perspective. With the strategic and political decisions especially during Emir Hamad bin Khalifa, Qatar sought to extend its influence in regional and international politics. The Arab Spring opened a wider window for the Qatari leadership to leverage Qatar’s political position and achieve political ambitions. They managed to pursue an effective foreign policy towards the regional challenges in the Middle East, where the Arab Spring created a ripple effect. In other words, the Qatari leadership consolidated Qatar’s strength through alliance building and proactive and independent policies towards the post-2010 regional challenges. Consequently, Qatar emerged as an influential player in the regional and international arena after the Arab Spring.
On the other hand, the KSA-led camp perceived the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) and its affiliates and/or their increasing political weight in the region as a direct threat to the regional stability and the survival of their regimes. They backed the interferences/counterrevolutions against the MB-attached governments in the region. Likewise, they largely desired to counterbalance Qatar’s prominent rise in the region through the embargoes/blockades respectively in 2014 and 2017. Qatar stood up against the challenges through its capabilities and alliances and concurrently, preserved its position in the unfolding regional order of the Middle East.

Gamze Sart In an increasingly competitive academic landscape, the pursuit of excellence in higher education has never been more important. "Quality Assurance in Higher Education" offers a comprehensive overview and insightful analysis of the policies, practices, and methodologies employed to maintain and enhance the standards of academic institutions worldwide.
This book delves into the critical aspects of quality assurance—ranging from accreditation systems and institutional audits to the use of cutting-edge technologies and data analytics. It provides practical guidance for educators, administrators, and policy-makers aiming to implement effective quality assurance strategies that align with global benchmarks.
Through a blend of theoretical concepts and case studies, the authors explore how quality assurance impacts student outcomes, faculty development, and the reputation of institutions. They discuss the challenges and opportunities that come with adapting to new educational trends and regulatory environments.
"Quality Assurance in Higher Education" is an essential read for anyone committed to fostering an environment of excellence and innovation in education. It serves not only as a manual for best practices but also as a critical resource for navigating the complexities of modern education systems.

Selin Küçükali This study focuses on contemporary issues to examine the subjective perceptions of the contemporary individuals regarding the American Dream through postmodern and post-postmodern lenses in American writer David Foster Wallace’s books. The selected novels provide divergent portrayals of the American nation, culture, and individuals. They present the paradoxical experience of postmodernism as their starting point and focus on the Americans’ emotional responsiveness to how it feels to live in modern times in America while still trying to pursue their national dream as well. The specific reasons and symptoms burdening the self in the contemporary world are analyzed according to the accounts of postmodern approaches of the period. To re-humanize the subject, the self is reconsidered in combination with viewpoints of the recent movement post-postmodernism. The influences of the new era and the American Dream are traced to gain a better insight and manage a deeper investigation. This research takes a closer look at the ideology behind the American Dream and the way it is reflected in contemporary times. The scope of the study covers David Foster Wallace’s three novels and situates his stance as an author in postmodern and post-postmodern literature. The nation and its citizens are analyzed from the perspective of Wallace through his three influential novels, and his essays will also provide insight to the study.

Çağla Mavruk Cavlak After the Cold War, International Relations has seen a resurgence of interest in the study of regional powers. Scholars have been paying increasing attention to regional powers as important actors in world politics and studying their foreign policy, but few if any studies have discussed the behaviors of regional power comprehensively and comparatively. The purpose of this book is to gain a better understanding of regional power foreign policy strategies and behaviors by analyzing them comprehensively and comparatively. Unlike previous studies on cooperation and conflict within regions, this study focuses on the reasons for the strategic tendencies and motivations of regional hegemons and great powers and their effects on regional cooperation and conflict. Moreover, departing from Hegemonic Stability Theory, this book also aims to explore similarities and differences between regional and global hegemonic foreign policy strategies.

Alireza Navidmoghaddam This book examines cultural images of the Orient 'other' in nineteenth-century literary texts via an Englishman's lens, as such representations are important to Orientalism, the Occident 'Imperial' It argues that a holistic understanding of the Orient's depiction necessitates examining several writings by the same author; hence, it evaluates the author's relationship with the Orient. Historians concentrated on Persia and Turkey for many reasons. James Justinian Morier's birth in Izmir (Turkey) and service as a diplomat in Persia drew early attention from academics, orientalists, and scholars. This study tries to resuscitate two of Morier's novels set in the Orient, Persia, and Turkey, Zohrab the Hostage and Ayesha, the Maid of Kars. Each work examines the authenticity of Islamic Orient images. Along with Orientalism by Edward Said, the research uses The West and the Rest by Stuart Hall. His depiction of the Islamic Orient is full with admirable and corrupt persons, making it difficult to separate fact from fiction. It reveals how previous writers' oriental motifs and topoi find their most effective tone in Morier's work that describes actual Persia and Turkey.

Mehmet Ali Candoğan Reputation, defined as an indicator of an organization's ability to deliver the desired outcomes by its stakeholders and as a common measure of its past activities and outputs, is also a valuable resource that adds value and cannot be easily imitated, seen, touched, or substituted with something else. In a world of globalization and increasing competition, the importance of corporate reputation as a valuable resource has become more evident. In banks, which have become an important source of finance for sectors, reputation is crucial in terms of both competition and the solidity and reliability of the financial system and the national economy. Therefore, a good reputation requires proactive reputational risk management, which involves identifying, evaluating, and taking preventive actions against risks that can damage reputation. Effective reputational risk management should ensure that there is no significant gap between stakeholders' perceptions and the reality of banks, thanks to their transparent structures, and maintain confidence in the banking system. The main purpose of this study, which addresses reputational risk management in banks, is to raise awareness about reputational risk, which is considered as the "risk of risks" in the banking system, and to provide models that will assist in reputation risk management.

Abdulkadir Barut, Ayşegül Güngör, Ceyda Yerdelen Kaygın, Deha Sülük, Derya Altıntaş, Durmuş Yıldırım, Ferdin Bedir, Gülüzar Kurt Gümüş, Haşim Bağcı, Hilal Ok Ergün, Murat Berberoğlu, Musa Gün, Nevin Özer, Şule Kızıltunç Bedir, Tolga Ergün, Ünal Gülhan The most significant aim of the businesses, which are an integral part of the economic system, is to create value maximization. The financial performance of businesses plays a key role in achieving this aim. Financial performance analysis is an effective criterion for businesses to achieve their goals, to adapt to changing conditions in the market, to improve the way of doing businesses and to be able to take measures against possible problems.
In this regard, this book, which includes the analysis of the financial performances of companies in several sectors through various statistical methods, has an important value in terms of including the studies and evaluations of many academicians who have doctoral degrees in their field and work in different universities.

Şahin Yeşilyurt This book investigates tax expenditure practices from the historic perspective of the Ottoman State. There are many criticisms of tax expenditures in the literature on account of their drawbacks in today's fiscal system. A tax expenditure, in general, is considered a fundamental factor of injustice in the distribution of the tax burden in society. From the point of the Ottoman public finance system, however, considering the tax expenditure practices within the scope of the assessments carried out in this book, the Ottoman State widely utilized tax expenditure practices for economic, fiscal, political, social, and religious purposes. These practices were mainly prominent in providing an equitable distribution of the tax burden, establishing social justice, and suppressing adverse social incidents, such as uprisings, in the Ottoman society. The archival research suggests that the fair distribution of the tax burden through tax expenditure practices was the major aim of the Ottoman State. This book aims to provide a new perspective on the history of the Ottoman State.

Aslı İgit, Ayhan Küngerü, Dilan Çiftçi, Gülüm Şener, Kadriye Kobak, Özge Sayılgan, Semra Ay, Semra Çam, Şuheda Soğukdere, Tülin Sepetçi Independently from time and space, today’s digital communication medium provided us a range of possibilities and freedom on the content, speed and forms of communication. Even, a generation has been born and grown up in a digital era by relating all medium they knew with numerical data and digital kind of interactivity. Games, books, movies, even the education system became or transformed into a digital version of its origin in a very short time for human history. While an adaptation process from traditional and old data to the new and digital medium still continues, new forms of communication have emerged and been added to our cultural life. Digital medium became an extension of our existence. This extension is not only of a part of our body like offered by McLuhan, but it’s an extension of our souls now and effected many levels of our daily life from economy to politics, from art to entertainment, to education and to our social relations. Even the main thresholds of human life emphasized with social practices like birth, weddings or death rituals gained a digital groundwork through the Internet.
Besides, social media and participatory culture increased the language of visuals and transformed almost each participant of this postmodern universe into the subjects producing, manipulating and editing regularly photographs, films and even interactive contents. Content is now something open to interference and visuals are not stable on the walls, but they are movable, interactive and in flow on the screens. This story which has begun at the beginning of the 20th century went to the next stage towards the end of the same century with the rise of digital which gave us a sense of power on the content represented on the screen. Digitally represented, the image’s aura is not underlying on its uniqueness or privacy, instead, its touchable nature inviting the subject to change it continuously, is the new aura.

Adnan YAŞAR İşte Kitabınız; Rus Dili Grameri, Cümle Yapısı, Konuşma Kılavuzu ve Rusça Sözlük kitaplarından oluşan bir seridir. Rus Dili Grameri kitabı, Rusçanın tüm konularını kapsayacak şekilde detaylı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu kitap, Rusça öğrenmek isteyen her seviyedeki öğrenciye ve öğretim elemanına faydalı olabilecek niteliktedir. Bu kitabın en büyük özelliği, herhangi bir Rusça sözlüğe ihtiyaç duymaksızın kolay çalışma imkânı sağlamasıdır. Bu yönüyle de eser, kendi kendine Rusça öğrenenler için çok yararlı ve öğretici bir kaynak olacaktır. Esasen kitabın içinde Rusçayı kolay öğrenmeyi sağlayacak şekilde harften heceye, heceden kelimeye ve sonuçta cümleye doğru giden bir yapı izlenmiştir. Özellikle okunması ve incelenmesi kolay cümle yapıları seçilerek Rusça düşünce sistemi tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Aydın Erden 2010 yılında geliştirilmesine başlanan, herhangi bir özel şirketin mülkiyetinde olmayan, açık kaynak kodlu Rust programlama dilinin pazar payı hızla artmaktadır. Stack Overflow'un her yıl yinelediği yazılım geliştirici anketlerinde 2016 yılından beridir en sevilen dil seçilmektedir. Bu nedenlerle geliştiricileri için uzun vadede birçok fırsat sunacağı öngörülmektedir. Hafıza yönetimi konusunda sahiplik ve ödünç alma mekanizmaları ile getirdiği benzersiz yaklaşım, son derece detaylı kontrollere ve geribildirime sahip derleyicisi ve ayrıca geliştirilen programların sistem kaynaklarını asgari düzeyde tüketmesi bu ilgi ve sevginin temel sebeplerini oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde işletim sistemi, komut satırı uygulamaları, web uygulamaları, ağ uygulamaları ve gömülü sistemler gibi geniş bir yelpazede kullanılmaktadır. Rust programlama dilini öğrenmek isteyenler için kapsamlı bir kaynak olan bu kitapta; söz dizimi, veri türleri, sahiplik modeli, bellek yönetimi, eş zamanlı işlem yapma, hata işleme, modüller, koleksiyonlar, enumlar, traitler ve makrolar gibi dile ait tüm konular örneklerle ele alınmaktadır. Kitapta temel kavramlardan başlayıp karmaşık olanlara doğru sıralı bir yapı izlenmiştir.

Tomasz E. MALEC The addressees of Simple Introduction to Architecture are both early-years students from architectural faculties and people who have not previously been close to the work of architects but want to learn more about at least some aspects of this interesting profession.

Tahir Yılmaz Bu eser, 1985’ten bu yana yabana dil sınavlarında soru olarak çıkmış, diğer soru tiplerinde ve parçalarda kullanılmış Phrases, Phrasal Verbs, Pre positional Phrases, Collocations, idioms gibi unsurlardan oluşmaktadır. Bildiğiniz gibi bu unsurlar sadece direkt soru tipi olarak karşımıza çıkmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda cümle ve parçaları anlamamız açısından önem taşımaktadır. Buradan yola çıkarak bütün sınavlar özenle analiz edilip, otantik cümlelerle örneklendirilmiştir. Deyimlerin Türkçe anlamlanma tam olan anlaşılması için örnekler Türkçeye çevrilmiştir Bilindiği gibi deyimlerde kullanılan kelimeler sözlük anlamlarından farklı olabileceği için deyimi akılda tutmak zordur. Bu kitabı; bir referans ya da sözlük olarak değil, cebinizde taşıyıp sık sık göz atabileceğiniz bir kaynak olarak kullanmanızı tavsiye ederim. Bu deyimler ÛDS, KPDS, LYS-5 (YDS) gibi her çeşit yabacı dil sınavı ve genel İngilizce için uygundur.

Musab Talha Akpınar Welcome to the urban living of the future. Cities are not just keeping up with, but also taking the lead as technology advances. Learn about the revolutionary changes taking place in cities all across the world, from the crowded streets of Barcelona to the pulsating back alleys of Tokyo. The book "Smart Cities: Cases & Implications" investigates the most innovative city-wide projects, illuminating the ways in which they are influencing the lives of people all over the world. However, the significance for everyday people, government officials, and city planners is just as important as the technological marvels themselves. Is there a way to make sure these technologically advanced cities are also enlightened? The obstacles, achievements, and future course of action for tomorrow's networked cities are all revealed in this insightful book. Get ready to rethink all you know about city life.

Odiléa Rocha ERKAYA Smoothing Your Way for Academic Writing provides intermediate-level students with the necessary requirements that they need to master academic writing. Smoothing Your Way for Academic Writing introduces students to sentence structure, paragraph/essay development and organization, mechanics, grammar, vocabulary, etc. Smoothing Your Way for Academic Writing helps to make students’ path easier for academic writing. And, the knowledge that they acquire using the book will be useful not only in college but also, hopefully, once they become professionals.
Features:
A step-by-step approach serves as a guide to students through the writing process.
Easy, clear, and brief explanations help students to move through the process without difficulties.
Samples of paragraphs and essays, and exercises help students to strengthen their learning.
Samples of activities assigned in the Department help students to place their learning of academic writing in a real context.
A vocabulary list with clear explanation fits the needs of the specific group of students.
Unknown vocabulary presented throughout the units allows students to learn new vocabulary without wasting time.
Relevant pictures throughout the units help to convey messages and make the book enjoyable.

Ali Çekiç, Aykar Tekin Bozkurt, Cláudia Aguiar, Derya Sevinç, Ferhat Dolaş, Hüseyin Öztürk, Kamila Witerska, Merve Ulukaya, Nancy Crespo, Ola Majchrzak, Orhan Ertürk, Özge Mazırık Çamlı, Patrycja Ostrogska, Raquel Lombardi, Selahattin Koç, Tatiana Fernandes, Yasemin Tanış, Zeynep Yılmaz Öztürk This book presents a rich content with situations and practices in different countries related to strengthening the social skills of gifted students in the context of inclusive education. This book, which is aimed to be a source for such an important subject; has been prepared for the benefit of gifted students and their parents, teachers of gifted students, classroom teachers, teacher candidates, school administrators, researchers interested in the subject, and policy makers.
The book consists of seven chapters. In the first part, inclusive education, in the second part, social skills concepts, in the third part, the relationship between social skills, gifted students and sports are given in detail. In other sections, Turkish, Polish and Portuguese education systems are mentioned. Recommendations are presented to policy makers and practitioners in these countries regarding inclusive education, social skills education, education of gifted students, and development of social skills of gifted students.
The chapters of the book were written by researchers who came together thanks to the European Union Erasmus+ (KA201-093617) project. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the authors for their devoted and meticulous work in the production of this book.
I would also like to thank the Nobel publishing team, who undertook the publication of the book.
Hoping that the book will contribute to the field in line with its goals...

Senem Zaimoğlu, Şehnaz Şahinkarakaş The objective of educational research has always been to better understand language learning. However, as research on learning psychology and other related fields has progressed, people's perceptions of language learning have shifted. The purpose of this book is to shed new light on the understanding of social-emotional aspects of language learning together with core issues among young adults in a variety of language learning contexts. The particular feature of this book is to integrate the socially and the emotionally oriented perspectives of language learning. It brings the current situation among young adults to the light by focusing on the necessity of social-emotional competences for young adults in a rapidly changing society that requires them to deal with a variety of problems, stressful situations, and competing goals. In particular, the book offers unique insights into the new framework of social-emotional foreign language learning together with its theoretical foundations. Additional feature of this book is its discussion of different social-emotional assessments used in social-emotional learning. The book concludes by calling for SEL programs for young adults, which will support their social and emotional well-being in their language learning journey.

Dilek Canyurt Security studies have an important position in the discipline of International Relations. Among them, the work of the Copenhagen School has contributed to the literature significantly. One of the most prominent theories of the Copenhagen School is the issue of securitization and societal security. Securitization is the process of seeing any issue that causes security concerns as a threat, through speech acts and it occurs at the end of the process. On the other hand, societal security is a security threat on the identity of the society. The key theme for societal security is the identity. If a society thinks that a subject poses a threat to its own identity, societal securitization occurs. One of the most suitable topics for societal securitization is the issue of immigrants. In this book, the issue of Syrian refugees in Turkey was analyzed by content analysis of the speeches of the parliamentarians in the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and the tweets that were posted on Twitter. While doing this, both these two research universes were compared and the development of the subject over the years was examined from the perspective of societal securitization. This book also addresses the various dilemmas and security dilemmas that contribute to this process.

Osman Altay This publication is based on doctoral thesis of the author. In this study, the sovereign risk of Turkey has been examined analyzing the relations among economic, fiscal, money market, event risk factor variables, and sovereign credit rating of Turkey. Short term variables associated with the sovereign risk of Turkey have been determined by time series analysis modeling.
The study consists of two parts. In the first part the sovereign credit rating system is explained within the context of the borrowing, country risk and credit rating in view of the history and criticism of the system. In the second part an empirical study is conducted and results are presented with interpretations and suggestions.

Erkan Kavas The purpose of the study; to make development work the validity and reliability analysis of the 'Spiritual Care Needs Determination Scale' to determine the views of doctors, midwives and nurses about the spiritual care needs of patients who are treated in inpatient institutions.
Even though coming into question of the spiritual care works in hospitals is new for our country. The developmental process of the spiritual care concept is still ongoing. The identification and classification process is not yet completed in the health field. Therefore, to evaluate this concept objectively in health education and practices, it is essential to determine the opinion of the doctors, nurses and midwives on spiritual care, there is a need to develope measuring means for this purpose. “Spiritual Care Needs Determination Scale on Patients” was developed to meet this need.
The book also contains Turkish version.

Çalışmanın amacı; yataklı tedavi kurumlarından hizmet alan hastaların manevi bakım ihtiyacı hakkında doktor, ebe ve hemşirelerin görüşlerini belirlemeye yönelik 'Manevi Bakım İhtiyacı Tespit Ölçeği' geliştirme çalışması geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerini yapmaktır.
Ülkemizde, hastanelerde manevî bakım çalışmalarının gündeme gelmesi yeni olsa da Manevi Bakım kavramının gelişimsel süreci halen devam etmektedir. Sağlık alanında da tanımlanma ve sınıflandırma süreci henüz tamamlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle, bu kavramın sağlık eğitiminde ve uygulamalarında objektif biçimde değerlendirilebilmesi için doktor, ebe ve hemşirelerin manevi bakım konusundaki kanaatlerinin belirlenmesine, dolayısıyla bu amaçla geliştirilen ölçme araçlarına ihtiyaç vardır. “Hastalarda Manevi Bakım İhtiyacı Tespit Ölçeği” bu ihtiyaca cevap vermek amacıyla geliştirilmiştir.
Kitabın içeriğinde Türkçe versiyonu da bulunmaktadır.

Ali İhsan Çelik Finite element method is the way to conduct complicated scientific studies economically in a short time. Many complicated engineering problems can be solved by means of ANSYS Workbench finite element software. This book includes 9 significant chapters for students who conduct scientific studies. Many case studies were firstly calculated with analytical formulation and then model validation was done with workbench so that the students could better understand the finite element method.
In general, the book explains finite element theory, basic modeling logic, drawing techniques, mesh techniques, modal analysis, seismic analysis and impact analysis with detailed examples. Each student who successfully accomplishes the examples in the book can overcome much more complex mechanical problems. The given examples concern both civil engineering and major mechanical phenomena of mechanical engineering.

Haşim Çayır There are a lot of structures on bundles (Tangent bundle, Cotangent bundle, Semi-Cotangent bundle, Tensor bundle, etc.) and n-dimensional differential manifolds Mn. The integrability of tensorial structures on a manifold and their extension to bundles such as tangent and cotangent bundles has been an active research topic for the last 60 years. Firstly, Japanese mathematician S.Sasaki (1912-1987) studies the differential geometry of tangent bundles of Riemannian manifolds in 1958. Later, the subject of lift and bundle constantly improved. Afterward, Ishihara and Yano (Ishihara and Yano,1973) obtained the integrability conditions of the F structure satisfying the condition of F3+F=0. By and by, a lot of structures on the manifold and bundles studies by valuable authors (Tachibana, 1960; Norden, 1960; Sato, 1968; Shirokov, 1966; Vishnevskii, 1970; Kruchkovich, 1972; Salimov, 1994). Differential geometric applications of tensor operators are a very fruitful area of research in the modern study of differential geometry. However, despite its importance, tensor operators, structures and related issues are not well known yet. In addition, there are very few reference books in this field that can be referenced. In this context, all structures on Mn and bundles from the beginning to the present combined in this book. We believe that this research book will provide a systematic description of tensor operators and structure theory and especially useful in master and doctoral education.

Meriç E. Bebitoğlu Bringing together sections from academic and professional business life in various dimensions, this book aims to contribute to today's digitalization and virtualization needs. While investigating what the concepts of change, digital transformation, and virtuality will add to our lives, the author predicts the features of the organizational structures and the direction of the management functions to evolve in the future. The book also reveals the functioning and rules of virtual management in the new normal, including communication on social media.
While the book contains unique case studies from daily business life for academics, it also leaves the doors of the academy ajar for professionals in business life. This interesting unification aims to be beneficial to the readers.
Wishing you success with Virtual Management…

Alper Arslan Hem dil bilgisi kurallarının öğrenimi hem de konuşmada akıcılığı yakalama açısından yabancı dil öğrenimi yoğun egzersiz gerektiren bir süreçtir. Herhangi bir gramer yapısının sadece kurallarını öğrenmek ve onunla ilgili üç beş alıştırma yapmak, o yapının günlük hayatta kullanılabilmesi için yeterli değildir. Öğrenciler öğrendikleri her kelime, her yapı ile ilgili cümleler, paragraflar yazabilmeli ya da bu konuları içinde bulunduran küçük metinler, diyaloglar okuma imkânı bulabilmelidirler.
Bu kitaptaki dil bilgisi kuralları ve kelimelerin büyük bir çoğunluğu, öğrenciler tarafından günlük hayatta rahatça kullanılabilsin diye; küçük metinler ve diyaloglar halinde verilmiştir.
“Success in English” bu doğrultuda, üniversitelerimizde öğretilmekte olan İngilizce servis (ortak) derslerinde kolaylıkla uygulanabilecek ve başarıyı yakalayabilecek bir ders kitabıdır. Ortak Avrupa Yabancı Dil Öğretimi Çerçevesine uygun olarak, A1/A2 seviyesinde hazırlanmıştır. Uluslararası bir dil olarak İngilizcenin öğretimini hedeflemektedir. Öğrencilerin dikkat sürelerini göz önüne alan kısa ve dinamik ünitelerden oluşan yapısal bir kurguya sahiptir.

Alper Arslan Hem dilbilgisi kurallarının öğrenimi bakımından hem de konuşmada akıcılığı yakalama bakımından yabancı dil öğrenimi bol bol egzersiz gerektiren bir süreçtir. Herhangi bir gramer yapısının sadece kurallarını öğrenmek ve onunla ilgili üç beş alıştırma yapmak, o yapının günlük hayatta kullanılabilmesi için yeterli değildir. Öğrenciler öğrendikleri her kelime, her yapı ile ilgili cümleler, paragraflar yazabilmeli ya da bu konuları içinde bulunduran küçük metinler, diyaloglar okuma imkânı bulabilmelidirler.

“Success in English” bu doğrultuda Anadolu Liseleri ve dengi okullar ile İngilizce öğrenimine yeni başlayanlar için İngilizce der müfredatına paralel olarak hazırlanmış bir yardımcı ders kitabıdır.

Kitaptaki konuların tamamı günlük hayattaki kullanımlarının görülmesi amacıyla okuma parçaları ile desteklenmiştir. “Vocabulary Focus” bölümündeki kelimeler tamamıyla dil öğreniminde yeni olan öğrencilerin ihtiyaç duyacakları ve kullanacakları kelimelerden seçilerek geniş bir yelpaze içerisinde kullanımları ile beraber sunulmuştur.

Bu şekliyle Success in English’in İngilizce öğreniminde öğrencilere büyük kolaylık ve yarar sağlayacaktır

Ferhan Sami Atalay Fossil fuels, such as gasoline, coal, diesel, are nonrenewable sources of fuel, and the emission of greenhouse gases as a result of use, create incentive to seek alternate sources of clean energy that may be produced in a sustainable manner. Thus, biorefinery systems should be established to transform renewable materials, such as wood or agricultural crops, into extra value goods such as energy and feedstock chemicals, in order to support economic sustainability.
Biofuels are fuels obtained from biomass that can be solid, liquid, or gas. Wood and crops (such as wheat, maize, and rice) are the two most common kinds of biomass. Another important type of biomass is waste such as food waste, manure, and so on.
Biodiesel, bio-oil, bioethanol, biohydrogen, biogas, and methanol are a few examples of biofuels.
In the conversion of biomass to biofuels, biological, chemical, and physicochemical processes are used. The physico-chemical approach is mostly used as a pretreatment method and does not require any chemical alteration of matter. The chemical conversion of biomass alters its chemical structure by the use of heat chemicals, catalysts, or a mix of the two. The thermochemical technique involves pyrolytic treatment of biomass to yield solid, liquid, or gaseous compounds that can then be converted to fuels (synthetic biofuels). Various types of pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction are employed to produce gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels depending on the reaction circumstances.
Fermentation is a biological process that results in the production of ethanol, biogas, and biohydrogen. The main fermentation process involves the use of microorganisms in a warm and wet environment to turn carbohydrates (sugar, etc) into ethanol. Sugar is normally extracted mechanically by crushing and combining sugar-rich crops like sugar cane and sugar beet with water.
This book contains information about the design and application areas of the following biofuels, as well as examples of the designs of these compounds derived from biomass.
- Solid biomass thermochemical conversion
- Oil-based biodiesel generation
- Production of biogas from agricultural waste
- Production of bioethanol from biomass
- Production of hydrogen
- Methanol manufacturing

Ömer Türker 13. yüzyıldan sonra İslam dünyasındaki ilim gelenekleri önemli ölçüde belli başlı eserler etrafında kaleme alınan şerh ve haşiyelerle devam eder. Bu bağlamda İslam düşüncesinin müteahhirûn dönemi Hidâyetü’l-hikme, Hikmetü’l-ayn, Şerhu’l-Mevâkıf fî ilmi’l-kelam, Şerhu’l-Makâsıd, Şerhu’l-Akâid, Akâid-i Adudîyye, Füsûsu’l-hikem, Miftâhu’l-gayb gibi çeşitli ilim dallarında kaleme alınan eserlerin tarihi olarak okunabilir. Bu türlü klasikleşmiş risale ve kitap yazarları arasında Adudiddîn el-Îcî’nin bilhassa zikredilmesi gerekir. Îcî, er-Risâletü’l-Vaz‘iyye, Akâid-i Adudiyye, el-Mevâkıf, Şerhu Muhtasaru’l-Müntehâ eserleriyle dilbilim, kelam ve fıkıh usûlü alanlarında yazım geleneği oluş-turmasının yanısıra ahlâk ve siyaseti teorik ve pratik yönleriyle ele aldığı Ahlâk-ı Adudiyye adlı risalesiyle de ahlâk ve siyaset alanında bir yazım geleneğinin oluşmasına vesile olmuştur. Tahkik ve tercümesini yayımladığımız şerh, Îcî'nin doğrudan talebesi Seyfeddîn Ahmed el-Ebherî’ye aittir.

Celâl Nuri Kadınlar, İskandinavya’da, pek serbest, pek nâmûskârdır. Bir kız, on sekiz yaşından sonra önlüğünü bırakır, hürriyetini yed-i nâmûs ve iffetine alır. Bir genç kimse ile görüşür, erkeklerin cem’iyyetine, meclisine mülâzemet eder; fakat kendisine mugâyir-i ‘iffet bir teklîf vukû’ bulursa:
-Efendi! Burası Paris bulvarı değil. Cevâb-ı zî‘itâbıyle insanı mahcûb ve şermsâr eder. Bu fart-ı temâs erkeklerin müştehiyâtını kesr etmişdir. Kadınlardaki merdümgirîzliği de izâleye hizmet etmişdir. Kadının erkekden bir farkı olabileceği şimâliyyûnun pek de ‘aklına gelmez. Nisâ nev’-i beşerin bir nısfıdır; işte o kadar… İsveç’de hiçbir rezâlet-i ahlâkiyyeye meydan vermemek şartıyla kadın dellâklerin erkekleri yıkaması müdde’âmızı isbât içün îrâd edebileceğimiz delâilin en kuvvetlilerinden biridir.

Alessandro Carabia, Alim Koray Cengiz, Ebru Bingöl, Ebru Bingöl, Flavia Vanni, Luci Attala, S. Tuğçe Tezer The book TALE OF A RIVER CITY is as a collective work that aims to narrate the complex history between Antakya's inhabitants and the Asi River running through the city that has shaped Antakya's urban life and its reception for millennia. The book outlines the collaborative, interdisciplinary work of five researchers coming from different academic backgrounds ranging from anthropology, archaeology, art history, architecture, and city planning, and articulates stories merging into the flow of the Asi River from Antakya's foundation until today. The book adopts a historical narrative method, which will be expanded upon five chronologically ordered chapters employing a kaleidoscope of perspectives from diverse sources, including books, articles, travelers' notes, myths, drawings, maps, photographs to mediate understanding the changing urban-water relations in the historical context.

NEHİRLİ KENTİN ÖYKÜSÜ kitabı, Antakya sakinleri ile şehrin içinden geçen ve Antakya'nın kentsel yaşamını şekillendiren Asi Nehri'nin binlerce yıldır süren karmaşık tarihini anlatmayı amaçlayan kolektif bir çalışmadır. Kitap; antropoloji, arkeoloji, sanat tarihi, mimarlık ve şehir planlama gibi çok farklı akademik geçmişlerden gelen beş araştırmacının iş birlikçi ve disiplinler arası çalışmalarını bir araya getirmekte ve Antakya'nın kuruluşundan günümüze kadar Asi Nehri'nin suyuna karışan hikâyelerini özetlemektedir. Kitaplar, makaleler, gezgin notları, mitler, çizimler, haritalar ve fotoğraflardan oluşan çeşitli kaynakların farklı perspektiflerini bir araya getiren kronolojik olarak sıralı beş bölümden oluşan bu kitap; tarihsel anlatı yöntemini benimsemekte, zaman içerisinde değişen şehir-su ilişkilerini tarihsel bir bağlamdan anlamaya aracı olmaktadır.

Mehmet Ali TAN Elinizdeki kitap ÖSYM ve MEB müfredatına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Konular uzun uzun anlatım metodu yerine kısaltılarak ve maddeleştirilerek verilmiştir. Böylece zamandan kazanmanız hedeflenmiştir. Akrostiş yöntemi ve anahtar kelimeler verilerek hatırlatma aktivitesi kuvvetlendirilmiştir. Tablolar ve “Bakmadan Geçmeyin” uygulamaları ile konuların önemi vurgulanmış ve öğrenmenin sürekliliği sağlanmıştır. ÖSYM tarafından yapılacak sınavın tüm konularını kapsaması için geniş bir tarih süreci titizlikle taranarak kitap zenginleştirilmiştir.

Feryal Çubukçu This book is designed as an extensive revision of the teaching skills used in language classes that help pre- and in service English language teachers. The book examines each skill and aspect of language including grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, listening, speaking, and pronunciation by introducing their theoretical background in addition to some hands-on activities that can easily be used in classes. Teachers and teachers-in-training will both find this book a comprehensive survey of the language skills aimed at providing an insight into the tasks and activities to be used for developing each skill. Furthermore, the readers will explore their own beliefs and practices in language teaching by answering the thought-provoking questions given in each chapter.

Gokhan Bakal, Hayri Abar, Ibrahim Ozturk, Orhan Abar Over the last two decades, the amount of existing data sources in the world have dramatically increased due largely to digitalization. In parallel, data analysis has become a crucial topic for researchers in many areas. One of the essential perspectives in data analysis is text mining. In various forms, textual data is the most generated data element compared to multimedia data. Since the available data sizes are exponentially increasing, we need intelligent computational methodologies to handle massive datasets. Data mining approaches, specifically text mining techniques, come into prominence. The application of both text mining and machine learning techniques together on data analysis provides decent solutions. For that purpose, this book is prepared with four major chapters discussing various aspects of data analysis with text mining methods, such as clustering, classification, sentiment analysis, and prediction tasks implemented in the Python programming language.

Murat Aktaş The popular uprisings starting from Tunisia in December 2010 and spreading quickly to other Arab countries brought the most extensive social and administrative changes to the Arab World, since the end of the Second World War. These unpredictable and spontaneous upheavals in the Arab World, began with people taking to the streets to express their anger and disappointment with the status quo, surprised not only the effective political actors in the region such as United States, Russia and European Union but also all the world.
Dr. Murat Aktas

The recent global financial and economic crisis has wreaked havoc across the globe and it is in that context that the Arab uprisings have occurred. The question becomes whether the global situation was a main cause of those recent events. It is beyond question that the global capitalist system is in a profound crisis. Capitalist decline manifests itself in two major ways.
Prof. Dr. Ibrahim G. Aoudé

The European financial crisis coupled with the Arab Spring marked the decline of the European Union. The Anglosaxons were able through instigated uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt to overthrow in Africa the two pillars of Sarkozy's building of the Union for the Mediterranean, i.e. Ben Ali and Mubarak obliged Sarkozy to bombard his other friend, Gaddafi, in return for a small piece of the Libyan energy cake.
Prof. Dr. Dimitri Kitsikis

Russia and West were actually surprised by the events developing in the Middle East and for the most part they shared consent on how to approach each Arab country problems as they unfolded, except in the case of Syria and Libya. The events surrounding the Arab Spring had forced countries to take sides.
Irena Rajchinovska Pandeva

Fuad Alhaj Omar Unlock the intricate world of power electronics with "The Art of DC-DC Converter Control: Optimizing Performance and Efficiency." This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey through the fundamental principles, cutting-edge control strategies, and future trends shaping the field of DC-DC converters. Delve into diverse converter topologies, from the ubiquitous Buck and Boost converters to advanced resonant and predictive control techniques. Explore the vital role of DC-DC converters in empowering electronic systems across various industries, from telecommunications to electric vehicles and renewable energy integration. Gain insights into the latest advancements in wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, digital twin technology, and artificial intelligence, poised to revolutionize converter designs. Whether you're a researcher, engineer, or enthusiast, this book equips you with the knowledge to optimize performance and efficiency in power conversion systems. Embark on this transformative journey, where theory meets practical applications, and unlock the full potential of DC-DC converter control.

Yalın Alpay - Emre Alkin Today, many of his works are included in top private and public museums' collections in Turkey, such as Ankara Museum of Painting and Sculpture and Sakıp Sabancı Museum. Mualla retrospectives are run by many internationally recognized modern and contemporary art museums, especially by Istanbul Modern. The most prestigious art galleries in Turkey and in the world hold exhibitions to display Mualla paintings in particular. There are numerous books and plays written about him, many movies and documentaries telling his life story.
Despite all of these, the life and art of Fikret Mualla are still ridden with myths and contradictions in the eyes of society. Maybe it is because the last word has not yet been said on the connection between his life and his art, the way how his outlook on life influenced his works, other painters who have been an inspiration to him, the novelties he brought into the art of painting and finally the life he led, a life so dramatic and so intriguing that it could almost be used as a plot for a novel.
Here in this book, you will find the life story of Fikret Mualla, the relationship between his art and his life, rare and precious examples of his works, and various characteristics of his art.

Semiha Kahyalar Gürsoy, Şehnaz Şahinkarakaş Many foreign language learners are struggling to continue their learning journey despite the numerous damaging factors which can have an effect upon their desire to learn. Some of these students have the ability to cross over these hurdles via their own self-motivation and self-organizing strategies, while others find themselves inadequate to deal with such problems possibly because they are unaware of their sense of self and identity. The term “student immunity” is a metaphor from human body's immunity system which attempts to raise learners' consciousness to make the necessary transformative changes on their motivation and also examine the possible ways to redevelop any overprotective, negative immunity into a more desirable and productive one.

Ömer Faruk Derindağ The robust and rapid rise in Cross-Border E-Commerce on a global scale, render this distinction between Domestic and Cross-Border E-Commerce vaguer. Moreover, in most cases, global consumers' long-distance Cross-Border shopping experiences have become more seamless and facilitated than domestic E-Commerce practices.
Cross-Border E-Commerce will continue to be an integral part of international trade with its unconventional ecosystem, rules, and consumer profiles through the new digital economy and global supply chain transformation.
This book will illustrate a clearer picture of Cross-Border E-Commerce in all its dimensions and provide vigorous future insights for professionals, practitioners, and policymakers.

Adem Özdemi̇r, Fatma Zehra Tan The rapid development in technology in recent days has led to changes in businesses. While new technologies reveal competitive advantage, those who cannot keep up with this rapid transformation cannot benefit from this advantage. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, sensors and smart manufacturing, which emerged with Industry 4.0, are among the leading innovations used for businesses.

It has become important for businesses to obtain data by utilizing all these innovations and gain competitive advantage by processing this data. Digital transformation involves change and transformation in all production processes in business functions using these innovations.

This book presents a maturity model that predicts how to determine the digital transformation level of a business. The maturity model covers manufacturing enterprises in all sectors. How digital transformation affects the agility of businesses is also among the topics addressed. This book is presented for the benefit of businesses and managers who want to start digital transformation.

Hüseyin Özgür Kazancı Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) optic imaging modality is the medical imaging technique used in the biomedical field. Experimental biomedical optic imaging method, which uses the lasers at specific wavelengths, is an important imaging modality for research purposes, especially for breast tumors and brain neurophysiological medical clinical applications, where the presence and absence of oxygenated blood is investigated. Some difficulties in the DOT imaging method prevented the method from being developed. The most important negative factor is that its spatial and temporal resolution is not within acceptable limits. The method was improved as a result of the steps taken by the researchers over time; on the other hand, it was not possible to be in the desired limits. The most important steps are: 1) Changing the angle of entry of source and detector probes to the tissue surface 2) Using high-density source and detector (SD) probes 3) Using only phase angle data in frequency domain devices can be counted. These studies are related to the improvement of the method. In this book, new improvements are mentioned and possible tools and equipment required to develop the method are mentioned. It is hoped that it will shed light on researchers and readers working in this field.

Ahmet Safa Yıldırım, Armağan Gözkaman, Burak Öçlü, Ebru Caymaz, Elif Yıldırım, Fahri Erenel, Ferhan S. Çolak, İzzet Soner Ayhan, Muzaffer Ercan Yılmaz, Nevra Esentürk, Sinem Ünaldılar, Zelha Altınkaya This book revisits the concepts of political economy in the context of a new global order, where individual security has become as important as national and global security. In the 20th century, national security was the primary concern. However, in the 21st century, food security, supply chain security, and cybersecurity have emerged as major concerns at the individual level. In the face of these challenges, market liberalization has become the main argument for the market economy, which is the basis of globalization. The market mechanism is claimed to provide the most efficient use of resources. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, people did not have timely or adequate access to healthcare or education services, and international organizations did not function effectively. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought all of these issues back to the forefront of the agenda for people, international organizations, and governments, particularly the European Union and scholars. This book also reexamines international relations in terms of the use of biological weapons, food security, and the prevalence of solidarity among countries during the extraordinary conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Merve Kayacı Çodur, Mohammad Ali Sahraei Development in the range of vehicles has become a notable characteristic of modern towns, as the accumulation of individual wealth and the requirements for transport significantly motivate the ownership and utilization of vehicles. These developments have encouraged researchers to study in this field. Although several methods associated with car ownership forecasting have been described till now, there is a lack of hybrid methods for this topic. Therefore, the unique characteristic of this research lies in the integration of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) model with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as a hybrid ANN-GA. The Grey Model (GM) was also utilized to forecast independent variables from 2021 until 2040. Then, forecasting car ownership based on the best-developed network was conducted. In this regard, large-scale actual data from 1970–2020 was gathered, including population, GDP per capita, petrol price, and road length. A comparative analysis between ANN and hybrid models demonstrated the effectiveness of utilizing the hybrid ANN-GA approach concerning the best performance criteria. The results of this forecasting indicate that car ownership will be gradually increased by around 36% until 2040. These results can be utilized in specific, complex, or ambiguous environments because of the flexibility in several developed and developing countries.

Rasim Özcan Emerging technologies not only reshape the economic life and its parameters but also provide new tools in analyzing economic developments and newly formed economic structures. In particular, the recent wave of digitalization has been changing the economic structure from how to produce to what and how to consume. Digitalization also provides new tools to understand and analyze new economic structures and developments. This book focuses on financial markets by considering the challenges and opportunities provided by the digitalization towards understanding the new economic tectonic shifts.

İbrahim Karataş This book analyzes the role of soft power in Qatar's foreign policy. Although Qatar is a small state, it could ensure its sovereignty and security through its soft power instruments. Thanks to hydrocarbon revenues, the Sheikhdom could become a regional actor through its assertive foreign policy, established one of the biggest media companies, namely Al Jazeera TV network, made new friends by foreign aid and overseas investments, could win the bid for hosting FIFA 2022 World Cup, and so on. In addition, personal efforts of incumbent Emir Tamim Al-Thani, former Emir Hamad Bin Khalifa and his wife Sheikha Moza have shown how soft power of individuals can change the destiny of a country. The book analyzes Qatar for the concept of soft power since the small country is one of the most successful countries wielding soft power. It also lays down the author's theories about the concept, which he tries to include to the literature.

Serkan Kahraman, Yusuf Zorba Situational Awareness (SA) is generally described as the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future. SA has emerged in military aviation for improving the safety and prevention of accidents. In the last decade, it was also used in user-focused areas like the civil aviation sector, air and sea traffic operations, nuclear plant facilities, off-shore oil platforms, etc. In this book, maritime pilots and shipmasters' situational awareness levels have been analyzed using a bridge simulator system and the results have been obtained. The importance of the book is to examine the concept of situational awareness for port pilotage services which are extremely important for improving maritime safety. Some of the key findings are positive effects of experience on situational awareness and those who pay attention to factors such as speed and distance in maneuver possess the highest situational awareness. In addition, some improvements are proposed in accordance with the conclusions of this book, to increase the quality of the techno nautical services used by pilots and masters.
Keywords: Situational Awareness, Marine Pilotage, Techno-Nautical Services, Maneuver

Muhammed Metin Çameli This study aims to explore various theatrical strategies employed for the representation of the psychic trauma in three selected plays written after the 1990s: Sarah Daniel's Beside Herself, Caryl Churchill's The Skriker and Sarah Kane's Crave. These three playwrights, who are among the most distinguished playwrights of the Contemporary British Theatre, view theatre as an appropriate space where trauma can be articulated. In their articulation of trauma through theatre, they cling to the idea that different theatrical devices they utilize serve the purpose of consolidating the ineffectiveness of verbal language to transmit trauma onto stage. The disruption in the cognitive mechanisms of trauma victims in these plays is presented by means of this alternative dimension of regarding theatre as a tool of exposing what remains unseen and of speaking what remains unspeakable. Under the guidance of trauma theories postulated by Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and Cathy Caruth, this study will also attempt to show that these theories contribute to the exploration of the traumatic experiences of the characters in the plays under discussion to a great extent.

Mariam Kavakcı TAKE CARE OF YOUR BRAIN. BE YOUR OWN CURE.
Cognitive decline can mean many things and it can take on many shapes. Most of us, for instance, are at least vaguely familiar with diseases such as dementia. The effects and consequences of these diseases have already been heavily codified in our collective consciousness. We see it in movies. Maybe we've heard about it from our friends and relatives. Some of us may even have direct experience caring for a loved one suffering from the effects of dementia. But regardless of whether or not we've had direct experience with someone with cognitive impairment, we know that it can wreak havoc on not just the individuals, but also their families and communities.
However, cognitive decline can also mean something much less drastic. It can look like something as innocuous as forgetting certain words, or names, or places, or dates, or forgetting where you put your keys, or what you went to the grocery store for. It can look like depression or withdrawal. It can look like a lack of focus or attention. Whether or not you're concerned about having dementia in the future, the fact of the matter is that, after a certain point in our lives, all of our brains and their cognitive functions are going to get worse. It's just a matter of when and how severe. But there are things we can do to combat this, to stave off the inevitable. By taking control of your lifestyle, you can take control of your cognitive health. You can be your own cure for dementia.

Prof. Dr. Nuri KAYANSAYAN The primary objective of the text is to help students in Mechanical Engineering curricula develop an orderly approach in understanding the obscure concepts such as the energy and the exergy of a system. In doing so, a total of two hundred illustrative solved problems are provided, and five hundred and fifty unsolved problems with engineering emphasis are contained in the text. In addition, each chapter contains True-False and a Multiple Choice Test sections. Both of these tests are aimed for self-check of student's weakness or strength on the highlights of the related chapter.

The material has been selected carefully to include a broad range of topics suitable for two-semester engineering thermodynamics course at the junior level, and has been organized around such a way that the conservation of mass, energy, and the non-conservation of exergy are covered in sequence in Chapters 3, 4, and 5. Especially in Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 open-ended type design problems are included. Students could be assigned to work in teams to solve these problems. Design problems encourage the students to spend more time exploring applications of thermodynamic principles to devices and flow systems.

Special care has been given to illustrations of both the main text and of the problem section, and if necessary, figures in color are used for making the subject more understandable. Further facilitate comprehension of the subject, especially for students taking an elementary thermodynamics course in engineering curricula for the first time, systems like flow machines or heat exchangers have been illustrated with their essential components without going into unnecessary complexity.

Hasan Ali KARASAR, Hasan KANBOLAT The culture of strategic thinking in Eurasia has very deep roots in history -under the influence of Chinese, Indian, Persian, Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Ancient Greek, Mongolian, Turkish and Russian civilizations.
Their common characteristic seems to be the existence of an “imperial” past. Another common pattern in all of them is that the strategic thinking in these civilizations had evolved with the motives of “ruling different cultures” and “survival of the state”.
In designing the book, we have tried to have a balanced representation of the gigantic Eurasian geography with significant thematic frames.
To this end, we have included articles about the think-tanks and detailed analyses about the strategic thinking cultures of Eurasian countries like Serbia, Armenia, Georgia, Ukraine, Turkey, Russia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Turkestan (Central Asia: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) and Belarus. As to the thematic frames, topics like development of civil society, cultural parameters, the question of the categorization of think-tanks, specialization and experts, “think-tanks which are giving birth to others,” strategic management procedures in the public sphere, the roles played by the think-tanks at the regional and global communications networks, security sector think-tanks, the roles played by the think-tanks during the “colored revolutions,” the influences of think-tanks operating in economics sector over the decision making mechanisms, think-tanks in transition to democracy and civil society strategies” were included.

Nur Özkan Erbay Throughout the history, the concept of “messianism” has not only been used to influence members of religion but was also used as an effective instrument to gain political power. Aside from it, it was a leverage to legitimize terror through instigators. As studies have shown, there are examples to exert relations between messianism and terror.
As the very first Jewish Messianic Terror example in history, Zealots had used Messianism as the legitimization tool for their terror. While Assassins represent a prominent example of Messianic Terror in the 13th century of the East, the Crusaders have marked the world history of the Middle Ages with Christianity motivated terror. We have seen the same motives during the French Revolution in the 18th century. In almost all centuries, the concept of messianism had been used either to legitimize violent actions or attract more supporters, dedicated members or most recently, devoted suicide bombers.
Recently, terrorism studies concerned with “New Religious Cults, Sects or New Religious Movements”, are mostly, associated with religious messianic and apocalyptic cults. In order to justify their illegitimate activities, these groups attribute their actions to divine motivations, mission of prophecy and messianic entity. As they take advantage of the spiritual needs and goodwill of individuals they can transform into terrorist groups and these groups; “messianic cults” can pose the same amount of threat or higher to public and state security.
The Fetullah Gülen Terrorist Organization (FETÖ) is a hierarchically organized international network and its leader Fetullah Gülen has absolute command and direct control over the entire structure. His followers act as a secretive and clandestine network loyal to his instructions as an unquestionable and divine authority. With these aspects, the organization contains strong messianic notions. For half a century Gülenists infiltrated the Turkish bureaucracy, including military judiciary and security establishments, while conducting business and education activities related to Turkey around the world. Especially from 2013 on, FETÖ openly and directly carried out unconventional, unresting and asymmetric attacks against the state and regime security of Turkey, which are not to be confined as acts of an ordinary religious network, as disclosing its real objectives. Finally, a pro-FETÖ junta in the army attempted a coup attempt on 15 July 2016, resulting in several hundred deaths and leaving many wounded. These experiences show the need to better define and categorize FETÖ and its engagement with terrorism.
This book conceptualizes FETÖ as a messianic cult that evolved into a terrorist organization.