Derya Yarımkaya The information about alternative energy sources, which are gaining importance day by day, is in a process of constant change and renewal. In this book, it is aimed to bring together the current information obtained from more than three hundred and fifty domestic and foreign sources for alternative energy sources and bring them together with the reader. In the following sections of the book, which starts with the presentation of information and definitions about energy and energy resources; The basic concepts and principles of solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy, which are among alternative energy sources, are included. The chapters in the book contain a rich content about alternative energy sources, as well as a list of achievements and chapter evaluation questions. The book can be used as a source book by academicians, teachers and related researchers.

Arif Sabuncuoğlu This book can be used as a textbook in the "Analytical Geometry" courses taught in the first (or second) grades of the mathematics and mathematics teaching departments of universities.
In addition to covering the basic subjects that the students studying in these departments will need in the lessons they will study in the advanced classes, it will also help them in the subjects that the prospective teachers will teach while teaching in high schools. These topics are given quite concisely without going into too much detail. The connections between the subjects were fully established and care was taken not to leave any open questions.
After each concept, enough examples are given to explain this concept. A sufficient number of exercises are included at the end of each section to make the subject comprehend. Solutions to all of these exercises have been published as a separate book.
The problems are ordered from easy to difficult, and abstract problems are placed at the end. The problems included in the book are not very specific problems in this field, but rather the type of questions that will be easily understood by the students, will make the students love the Analytical Geometry course and will better understand and reinforce the analytical geometry knowledge that will form the basis of the courses they will read in the advanced grades. The results of the problems and the actions to be taken while obtaining these results have been chosen in a way that will not tire the reader.

Abdurrahman Aktümsek This book has been prepared with the aim of helping students better understand the Anatomy and Physiology or Human Biology course and to provide a resource for students. While creating the book, care was taken to ensure that the information was short and sufficient. Information about common diseases related to each system is also given. Information in the book; supported by numerous figures, photographs and tables.
This work; It has been prepared at a level that can be useful to students of the Biology Department of the Faculty of Science, Arts and Sciences, as well as to students of other faculties or colleges who take the Anatomy and Physiology course.

E. Nihal Ercan Is there a difference between astronomy and astrophysics? What are the issues that astrophysics will solve? In the book, which started by seeking answers to these questions, coordinate systems, star formation and the life cycle of a star, stellar movements, light from stars, galaxies, the formation of galaxies, the differences between galaxies, background radiation in astrophysics, high energy astrophysics, gravitational waves are discussed.
The reader will notice his progress as he progresses in this book, which is prepared in an understandable language and supported by visuals for a wide audience, from those who are only interested in astrophysics to those who want to research in the field of observational astrophysics.

Nusret Şekerdağ The processes applied in the treatment of wastewater are constantly evolving and changing. In addition, the disposal of treatment sludge formed in treatment plants is of particular importance.
Domestic wastewater from the final collector of the city sewerage network must be treated before being discharged to the receiving environment. For this purpose, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used in the treatment of wastewater. Applications of these methods are given in this book.
Screens, grit traps, oil traps and pre-settlement pools in mechanical treatment, in biological treatment; Calculations have been made for many different alternatives such as activated sludge aeration ponds, trickling filters, rotating biodiscs, membrane bioreactors, stabilization and mechanically aerated ponds, and many sample problems have been solved at the end of each chapter.
In sludge disposal, many alternative applied problems have been made with the aim of dewatering the sludge.
At the end of the book, an applied project is designed and calculations are given for different units one by one.
In addition, the hydraulic calculations of the treatment plant were made in detail and the hydraulic profile of the treatment plant was drawn.
Finally, hydraulic calculations of the sewage sludge pipes were made and the sludge hydraulic profile was given.

Mehmet Karataş Fish Biology Research Methods book, written by experts in the subject; Fish systematics, reproduction in fish, age determination in fish, metabolic measurement methods in fish, respiratory biochemistry in fish, stomach content analysis in fish, stress in fish, histological techniques in fish, fish hematology and hematological methods, growth and growth analysis in fish. The study is a source of reference for academics working on fish in our country and students studying on this subject.

Abdurrahman Aktümsek, Gökalp Özmen Güler, Yavuz Selim Çakmak, Gökhan Zengin, Şengül Uysal In this book, nutritional information is explained along with its physiological and biochemical principles. First, the structure of the nutrients that give energy is given, then their digestion and absorption and how they give energy are revealed. Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, and nutrition for children, young people, old people and athletes are discussed separately. In fact, vegetarian / vegan nutrition, which has become more widespread today, is also included. In addition, information about nutritional disorders, diseases, food allergies and food poisoning is given. Although it is not included in classical nutrition books, alcohol, which gives energy and even high energy, is also explained in all its aspects.

Aysun Tezel Özturan Numerical analysis (numerical analysis) consists of methods used to find approximate solutions for problems that cannot be solved analytically or which are very difficult to solve. In recent years, the use of numerical analysis methods has increased in parallel with the developments in the field of computers. Numerical analysis methods are frequently used in many engineering fields and applied sciences.
In this book, numerical analysis methods and their MATLAB applications are explained.
The book consists of ten main chapters:
In the first chapter, the history of numerical analysis, the basic theorems used, machine numbers and errors are included. In the second part, direct and iterative solution methods for linear equation systems are mentioned. In the third chapter, solution methods for nonlinear equations and systems of nonlinear equations are covered. In the fourth chapter, the theory and applications of interpolation and polynomial approaches are given. In the fifth chapter, the subjects of curve fitting, least squares method, curve fitting with orthogonal polynomials, approximation with trigonometric functions are given. In the sixth chapter, numerical derivative formulas used to find the approximate derivative value are discussed. In the seventh chapter, numerical integral methods are covered to find the approximate integral value. In addition, improper integrals and multiple integrals are also included. In the eighth chapter, one-step and multi-step solution methods for ordinary differential equations and systems of ordinary differential equations are given. In addition, boundary value problems are also discussed. In the ninth chapter, the finite difference method used for numerical solutions of partial differential equations is covered. Finite difference method for Laplace equation, heat equation and wave equation is explained. In the last chapter, MATLAB applications of all numerical methods described in the book are discussed. This section contains all the MATLAB functions and MATLAB codes used. At the end of each chapter, there are exercises and answers related to the topic.
This book is a useful resource for all engineering students using undergraduate and graduate level mathematics, applied mathematics, and numerical analysis.

Sevim Tekeli, Esin Kâhya, Melek Dosay, Remzi Demir, Hüseyin Topdemir, Yavuz Unat, Ayten Koç Aydın The history of science is a research activity that examines the development process of scientific knowledge, and by making use of historical information, the birth and spread of scientific theories in various periods, the way of thinking of scientists and their effects on the development process of social institutions, their mutual relations with other intellectual activities such as philosophy, religion and art, their place in the formation of technical knowledge, It tries to recognize and promote scientific activity in all its aspects by questioning the value and importance of individuals in their daily lives.

Yalçın Karagöz, Sait Bardakçı The way to reach accurate information in a scientific research is to collect as much error-free data as possible. This is only possible with the use of reliable and valid measurement tools developed using scientific methods. In this book, it is aimed to discuss the development processes of a reliable and valid measurement tool in detail.
In the book, the development processes of questionnaires, scales and tests, which are measurement tools used in quantitative scientific research, are explained in detail with SPSS and AMOS solutions. The solution and interpretation of the examples for the types of reliability and validity that the scales should have have been tried to be presented in a simplicity that can be easily understood. The steps of adapting a scale developed in a foreign language into Turkish are also included. In the last part, data collection methods used in qualitative scientific research are discussed together with their strengths and weaknesses.
This book is a work that can be used by researchers who do scientific research, especially scale development studies, and students studying at the graduate level.

Ayşe Kökcü Once Upon a Time Geometry is a book that tells the 2500-year history of geometry through breaking points. The most important reason for the difficulties that mathematics students face while learning pure mathematics is that they cannot establish the necessary relationship between the mathematical formulas they learn and the world they live in. Likewise, philosophy students have close thoughts about mathematics and the history of mathematics. First of all, what is wanted to be done with this book is to establish the relationship between philosophy and the history of mathematics through geometry as clearly as possible. Secondly, it is to give an idea about the position of geometry in mathematics and philosophy of mathematics.
Since Euclid's "Elements," geometry has been in a position to promise much more than ground measurement. It is about the objects that are at the center of man's understanding of himself and the universe he lives in.
The main reason for this is that geometry, besides being a type of knowledge produced by the human mind, serves as a key to understanding the universe.

Meral Ünal, Aslıhan Çetinbaş Genç The book "Plant (Angiosperm) Embryology" has been prepared by taking into consideration the Plant Embryology course taught in the Biology departments of universities. It is the only Turkish book published on this subject. It is aimed to be easy to understand by writing in a simple language and putting plenty of drawings and photographs on the subject. It is hoped that those who do research on the subject can also benefit, as it includes both classical and recent developments.

Burhan Kacar, Vahap Katkat, Şule Öztürk Adequate nutrition of humans and animals and the supply of raw materials required for basic industry are possible with qualified as well as abundant plant production. For this reason, it is possible to understand all the events that take place in the plant, from the germination of the seed to the vegetative development and the formation of the generative organs, with a good knowledge of the plant physiology. Although it is included in Basic Sciences, plant physiology; It is undeniably important for field, vineyard and garden plants and flower producers as well as for those working in agriculture and forestry.
The Plant Physiology book consists of fifteen main chapters. In the first part, the Structure of Plant Cells and in the second part, Enzymes and their Functions are examined in detail. Water-Cell Relationships, Water Uptake and Transport, and Water Loss are explained in the following three main sections. Plant Nutrient Elements and Uptake and Transport of Nutrient Elements are presented in Chapters 6 and 7, based on the latest research findings. Photosynthesis, Nitrogen and Sulfur Extractions, Transport of Photosynthetic Products and Respiration are explained in detail in the following chapters 8, 9, 10 and 11. Growth, Growth Movements and Plant Hormones and Their Functions are presented in Chapters 12, 13 and 14. The meaning and importance of stress in plants and different types of stress are explained in Chapter 15, entitled Stress Physiology.

Leyla Kalaycıoğlu, Behiç Serpek, Mehmet Nizamlıoğlu, Nuri Başpınar, Ali Muhtar Tiftik In this work, which was prepared as a textbook, up-to-date information on the field of "Biochemistry" is included, as well as classical information. The chapters of our multi-authored book have been discussed in detail by the authors.
The book is a reference resource that can be used by those who are involved in educational activities related to "Biochemistry". Since "biochemistry" is the basis of many fields of science, it has a feature that people in other fields of science can easily benefit from.

Şakir Aydoğan Technological standards are increasing day by day and “Will robots rule our daily lives?” The increasing human population over the long period of time until the 21st century, in which we live, has also caused an increase in needs. In addition, thanks to the mind bestowed upon man, he has developed tools and equipment that make life easier, sometimes with the desire to meet his daily needs, sometimes to solve a problem, and sometimes to live comfortably.
“HOW DID WE COME TODAY?” In our book titled, we talk about the short history of 100 important inventions and discoveries, some by chance and others for whom lives were given. Of course, the sanctity of any invention that has a scientific basis is indisputable. That's why the title "100 Important Discoveries and Inventions in Human History" (not "...The 100 Most Important Discoveries and Inventions") was added to the book. The book has been tried to be prepared in a way that will appeal to all segments interested in science. Hoping that the book will increase the number of people who are interested in science...

Ferhan Sami Atalay Environmental pollution occurs as a result of uncontrolled discharge of waste materials, which are released as a result of human activities and which are not evaluated, to the receiving environment such as air, water and soil, and causes significant changes in the ecological balance of nature. The resulting global environmental problems such as climate change, desertification, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, destruction of the ozone layer endanger the sustainability of the environment, and pose significant threats to the health, survival, food and water resources of humans and other living species.
Maintaining a healthy life is only possible with a healthy environment. For a healthy environment, the natural balance, that is, the protection of the ecosystem, is only possible with the control of environmental pollution.
This book has been prepared in order to give the necessary processes and design principles for the treatment of wastes that cause air, water and soil pollution as a result of production and consumption activities, and solutions of problems and design examples are given for a better understanding of treatment/disposal process designs.
In the first part of the book, environmental problems are briefly introduced; In the second part, as air pollution control processes, the designs of cyclones, wet scrubbers, bag filters and electrostatic filters in the retention of solid particles, physical processes such as filled absorber, adsorption, membrane in the treatment of dangerous substances in flue gases and the processes involving reactions are examined, sulfur dioxide; Examples of the design of control processes for gases that cause important environmental problems such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are given.
In the third chapter, water pollution and control processes are discussed and the physical; chemical and biological treatment processes were investigated. In this section, exemplary designs have been made by adsorption, air stripping and water purification with ion exchangers; in chemical treatment processes, precipitation, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, advanced oxidation processes are examined and sample problems are given.
The processes applied in the biological treatment of wastewater are given and the design of the activated sludge treatment system is made.
In the fourth chapter, which deals with soil pollution, physical bioremediation and chemical treatment processes are examined and sample problems are included.
In the last part of the book, solid wastes and their management are examined and re-evaluation of solid wastes; their regular storage; composting; biogas production; burning (incineration); Information about pyrolysis and gasification processes are presented and sample designs are given.
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in environmental pollution control.

Can Çalıcı, Cihat Yaşaroğlu, Erkin Sarı, Ferhat Arı, Gülten Ünal, Hilal Peker, Hüccet Vural, M. Fatih Bükün, Mert Aytaç, Musa Bozkurt, Ömer Çamur, Sebur Kapu, Üzeyir Kement Although studies have been carried out for more than a century in the field of "Environmental Psychology", which examines the mutual relationship between man and his natural and built environment, it has been about 60 years that the field emerged as a discipline. While we sometimes exhibit environmentally friendly behaviors in our interaction with the environment, we sometimes exhibit behaviors that harm the environment. In an area where human behavior is so important, we can say that Environmental Psychology is one of the most important disciplines we will apply to understand the behavior of individuals regarding the environment.
In human-environment interaction, we can sometimes see the damage we do to the environment without being a subject matter expert. For example, the closure of people in their homes at the beginning of the Pandemic period, which has made its impact felt all over the world as in our country since 2019, almost caused the revival of nature. We saw flowers bloom on the streets, in the streets, in places with heavy human circulation before. However, with the removal of the restriction, the signs of our going out into nature began to be visible again. We have now added masks and gloves to the objects that we used to throw on the ground (!) before. Formerly “Please do not throw garbage!” next to the warnings “Please do not throw masks!” It looks like the warnings will be added as well. These and similar events, which most of us have witnessed or somehow learned from the press, give clues about the human-nature relationship and also reveal the importance of environmental behavior.
This work named Introduction to Environmental Psychology; It will be an important resource for researchers doing postgraduate research, students taking environmental courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and all curious readers and researchers who care about the "environment", which is vital for human beings. We also consider this work as a start and hope that it will be instrumental in other studies that will contribute to the field.

Çetin Toraman - Emel Akay - Hasan Fehmi Özdemir - Engin Karadağ This book is intended to explain to researchers how to perform multilevel regression models and analysis through the HLM program. In the first part of the book, which consists of four parts, the statistical foundations of multilevel regression models have been tried to be mentioned. In the second, third and fourth sections, applications are given on a completely exemplary research situation. In these sections, firstly, an exemplary research situation is explained, then how to transfer the data of this research situation to the HLM program and how the analysis is carried out are explained in detail with visuals. Since one of the most important problems for researchers is how to report their analyzes, a table and an example of interpretation are also included in the sections where the applications are made. In the book, the application of analysis is given priority rather than theoretical foundations.

Gülay Demir, Ahmet Turan Özyalçın, Hüdaverdi Bircan In order to produce an effective and rational solution to decision-making problems, the purpose of the task should be clearly formulated, a set of criteria should be defined, and the selected criteria should be weighted with the most appropriate method. It should be analyzed with scientific-based multi-criteria decision-making methods that allow researchers to choose the most effective and most appropriate solution among the available alternatives.
This book has several features. First, it will help researchers or decision makers find the necessary methods for the problems they need to analyze, by categorizing the methods as those that weight criteria and those that rank alternatives. Secondly, those who want to gain in-depth information about a particular method can access the "general information" section of each method. Third, a total of 27 methods used for weighting and ranking were solved with the developed MCDM software. It is thought that this will have two great benefits for the reader. By combining information and theoretical content, readers can easily see how the method works in practice through the example. They can also facilitate the decision-making processes they have to solve by seeing how the method can be used in practice. Fourth, they can benefit from the answers of the exercises solved by signing up on the website established as an online platform, and they can reach the solution of any decision problem within seconds by entering a new problem and using 27 methods defined in the system.

Abdullah Yıldızbaşı, Ahmet Aktaş, Ahmet Çalık, Aslı Çalış Boyacı, Aylin Adem, Babak Daneshvar Rouyendegh (B.Erdebilli), Barış Özkan, Billur Ecer, Burcu Yılmaz Kaya, Cevriye Gencer, Cihat Öztürk, Elif Kılıç Delice, Emel Kızılkaya Aydoğan, Emine Nur Nacar, Emre Çalışkan, Erdem Aksakal, Eren Özceylan, Ergün Eraslan, Erkan Köse, Gökhan Özçelik, Gülçin Canbulut, Hüseyin Avni Es, Mehmet Akif Yerlikaya, Mehmet Kabak, Metin Dağdeviren, Mihrimah Özmen, Neşe Yalçın, Nimet Yapıcı Pehlivan, Özer Eroğlu, Serhat Aydın, Tolga Genç, Yetkin Çınar, Yusuf Tansel İç, In this book, 21 of the Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MCDM) methods are presented in a specific systematic, with both their mathematical background and managerial applications. Examined methods: AHP, ANP, DEMATEL, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, TOPSIS, VIKOR, MOORA, ENTROPI, COPRAS, SWARA, WASPAS, SMAA, GRA, MABAC, ORESTE, TODIM, ARAS, EDAS, CODAS, MACBETH. In the book, the theoretical part of these methods, which are widely used in MLKV, are explained in detail and their applications with MS Excel solutions for real problems are given. Applications can be easily accessed from the publisher's website. Although there are free/paid software for some MLKV methods, it is beneficial for the readers to examine the applications with MS Excel solutions after absorbing the theoretical part. Applications with MS Excel solutions, which are presented with the book, can be developed specifically for the problem, for applications to be made with methods that do not currently have existing software. For methods with software, researchers/managers who have completed this process can easily interpret and analyze the results of the software.

“Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods: MS Excel® Solutions for Applications I consider one of the most comprehensive books ever published in this field. There are 22 chapters in the book, which are covered in a wide range from the most known and used methods to many new methods developed in recent years and prepared by experts in the subject. The presence of solved problems prepared on current issues in each chapter adds a special value to the book. I am really pleased that such a qualified study has been prepared in the Turkish language of science.
The editor of the book, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kabak and Assoc. Dr. I congratulate Yetkin Çınar for his success in bringing together experts working on multi-criteria decision making at different universities. I congratulate the authors of the chapters, each of which has been prepared successfully, for their contributions to the Turkish scientific world. I would like to thank all the referees who contributed to the preparation of the book.”
Prof. Dr. Cengiz Kahraman
ITU Industrial Engineering Department
“Decision making is a process of selection and qualification that people face at every moment. There is a serious need for a systematic analytical flow, depending on the size of the decision under consideration. In addition, considering the decision problem together with the criteria in the ecosystem and evaluating it in terms of these criteria is of great importance in terms of the accuracy and validity of the decision. Within the scope of this book; The systematic handling of the decision process, the determination of the most appropriate method and its evaluation with a systematic analytical flow have been successfully handled with real-life applications. In particular, analytical decision-making approaches are explained in a detailed and understandable way. I think that the book will be an important reference source for every evaluator who will take part in the decision process, and it will be a masterpiece for students who want to examine this process.”
Prof. Dr. İhsan Kaya
Yıldız Teknik University

Arif Sabuncuoğlu This book contains solutions to exercises from the author's book “Analytical Geometry”. It is prepared for the benefit of our students in the Analytical Geometry courses taught in the first (or second) grades of universities.
The problems in this book will not only cover the topics that our students will need in the lessons they will study in the advanced grades, but also will help them in the topics that prospective teachers will teach while teaching in high schools. If the solutions of the exercises are included in the "Analytical Geometry" book, it was thought that it would be more appropriate to collect it in a separate book, since the volume of the book would increase a lot.
The problems are ordered from easy to difficult, and abstract problems are placed at the end. The problems included in the book are not very specific problems in this field, but rather the type of questions that can be easily understood by the students, that will make them love the Analytical Geometry course and that will provide a basis for the courses they will read in the advanced classes, and will better understand and reinforce their knowledge of Analytical Geometry. The problems, results and the actions to be taken while obtaining these results have been chosen in a way that will not tire the reader.

Hakan Eygü The fields of probability and statistics, which are widely used in many fields today, contain theorems that are difficult to understand and are complicated by students. Therefore, the aim of this book is; The aim is to teach probability and statistics fields more easily to students studying in all departments of universities, especially science, social and health, with an easy-to-understand expression and using a plain language. In order to achieve this, many solved examples from daily life are given in the chapters and at the end of the chapters of the book.
Since the book is prepared in accordance with the contents of Probability and Mathematical Statistics courses, which are generally taught in two semesters in many departments of universities, the textbook at the undergraduate level can also be used as a supplementary resource in graduate programs.

Timur Karaçay Thanks to the technological developments in computer hardware, it has been calculated that the life expectancy of a newly emerging language is 10 years on average. All languages ​​make updates and adjustments parallel to the development of hardware and computer science. The language that does not do this job completes its average life span and withdraws from the scene.
Java emerged in the 1995's and has always kept its flagship place. Because Java brought great innovations to computer science. The last version of Java at the time of writing this book was Java 9. Java 9 differs from previous versions; Deep Java 9 describes these differences and innovations.
All versions of Java are backwards compatible up to Java 9. By breaking this rule, Java 9 also brought innovations that are considered revolutionary in the language.
Java 9 continues to support previous versions. This means that Java can be used as is the JCF:Java Collections Framework, which has revolutionized computer science.
Java, which has not lost its place in the flagship since its emergence, will continue to be a robust and reliable language preferred by large enterprises from now on.
This book describes the innovations brought by Java up to version 9. These topics, which are not given much importance in the Introduction to Java lessons, are the hand tools of the professional programmer.
Deep Java 9 is for those with an introductory knowledge of Java. For the non-Java reader, we recommend reading a good java book before starting this one.

Bülent Ayanlar Differential Equations is one of the cornerstones of modern mathematics and, together with Linear Algebra, is a necessary discipline for solving many problems in engineering, natural sciences, economics, physical and social sciences. R&D studies on computer technologies have revealed new techniques for the solution of differential equations. In this way, it became possible to solve the problems modeled with Differential Equation Systems.

This book has been prepared to be taught in the Differential Equations course in the Academic Program of Universities. Book; In addition to the information that forms the basis of Differential Equations, it also includes the topics related to the applications in the field courses taught in the Academic Program of Engineering.

Book; It consists of the titles of First Order Differential Equations, Applications of First Order Differential Equations, Higher Order Linear Differential Equations, Laplace Transform, Applications of Second Order Differential Equations and Linear Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients.

Hüseyin Bereketoğlu This book was created by blending the lecture notes used for years for the Differential Equations course taught in the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, with the current literature, and rearranging them in the required width and depth in an original way. Consisting of fifteen chapters and 554 pages, this book is designed to be taught in undergraduate mathematics programs for two semesters.
In this book, basic concepts, theorems and solution methods, which are indispensable for differential equations, are emphasized and attention is drawn to the real-life application areas of differential equations. Graphs were drawn, tables were set up, sufficient number of examples were solved and many exercises were given so that the concepts, theorems and solution methods covered could be easily understood. In addition, sample problems for different application areas of differential equations were examined and a series of exercises were prepared in this context. Finally, the answers to most of the exercises left to the reader are shared at the end of the book for self-control. In this respect, this book has general norms that can be followed and taught as a textbook not only in mathematics departments, but also in physics, astronomy and space sciences and engineering departments. In summary, anyone who has undergraduate or graduate education in basic sciences, engineering, economics and health and needs differential equations can easily benefit from this book as much as they want.

İsmail Kocaçalışkan In the book, first, seed, cutting and grafting and plant propagation methods are given briefly, then water and sand cultures and embryo, meristem, callus, anther, ovary, cell and protoplast cultures based on these methods are explained. Animal and human tissue (cell) cultures (cell culture definition, types, methods, media, passage, freezing, thawing, viability tests, cell count and macrophage culture) are presented in a separate section. Therefore, the book contains information about both plant and animal tissue and cell cultures. After explaining with examples how to apply each culture method, its application areas in practice are explained. I believe that the book will be useful as a basic reference book for students and academics working in basic sciences such as Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology and applied sciences such as Agriculture, Bioengineering, Genetic Engineering, Health Sciences.

Aziz Kutlar Today, one of the most important areas of interest in social sciences is empirical studies. As a methodological science, econometrics is in a position to guide a number of social sciences, especially economics, in terms of method.
It is thought that this book, which is prepared at a level that can be understood by undergraduate and graduate students studying in economics, econometrics, business and industrial engineering departments of universities, and psychology, sociology and similar departments, will significantly compensate for the problems related to the method.
In the book, besides the theoretical information, plenty of deciphered examples and comments are included.

Bekir Kürşat Doruk, Cahit Aytekin, Fatih Karakuş, Gülşah Batdal Karaduman, İbrahim Çetin, İlknur Özpınar, Mehmet Filiz, Melike Tural Sönmez, Muhammet Arıcan, Oğuz Köklü, Serdal Baltacı, Suphi Önder Bütüner, Şahin Danişman, Tuba Gökçek Probability and Statistics teaching aims to develop data collection tools for students to analyze real-life problems, to acquire data, to visualize these collected data or to interpret them through various calculations. When the studies are examined, it is seen that both students and teachers experience various difficulties in the teaching and learning of probability and statistics. The reasons for these difficulties are that most of the students try to memorize the formula instead of understanding the subject, cannot understand the question and cannot use appropriate teaching materials. This work, which was prepared to establish a solid bridge between theory and practice in the teaching of probability and statistics, The First Step to Data Science: Teaching Probability and Statistics, Basic Concepts and Teaching Related to Probability, Use of Simulation in Teaching Probability, Teaching Probability Distributions, Statistical Problem Solving Process: Research Question It consists of 9 main sections under the headings of Creating, Data Collection, Organizing and Analyzing, Distribution Concept and Teaching Frequency Distributions, Teaching Central Tendency Measures, Teaching Central Dispersion (Change) Measures, Difficulties Experienced by Students, Causes and Solution Suggestions.
Each of the sections in the work; It has been written by academics who are experts in their fields and continue their academic studies in different universities in Turkey. We hope that the prepared work will be beneficial to academicians, teachers, students studying in undergraduate and graduate programs with its rich content and application examples and will contribute to the field of mathematics education.

Ejder Ayçın, Pembe Güçlü, Muhammed Maruf, Onur Özveri Statistics; It is an interdisciplinary science that facilitates collecting data, classifying data, making sense of it by analyzing, explaining, evaluating and interpreting data on a particular subject, making it easier to draw conclusions, obtain information and/or make decisions. Statistical methods, which are used in studies carried out in many fields from biology to chemistry, from environmental sciences to economics, from sociology to space sciences, from medicine to actuarial, are frequently applied in the business world besides academic life. At this point, it is seen that the importance of statistical literacy has increased.
In the Business Statistics book; basic statistical concepts, subjects and analyzes were tried to be exemplified by associating them with the field of business administration. At the end of the chapter, it is aimed to use Excel and SPSS applications and the theoretical information about statistics by real users more quickly, effectively and widely.
The book can be used as a textbook in departments within the faculties of economics and administrative sciences of universities, or as a bedside book for working life.
“Knowledge is knowing what we know and what we do not know. With what we know we discover what we don't know, so knowledge expands. With more knowledge, we begin to know that we do not know more. Thus, knowledge expands without stopping.

Rahmi Köseoğlu, Fevzi Köksal Optics and Photonics book examines lenses, mirrors, telescopes, interference, diffraction, polarization, which are the basis of Science and Engineering, and the innovations brought by these events and their use in technology. It also explains the phenomena of optical wires (fiberoptics), photoconductivity, lasers, holography, photovoltaicity and photoelasticity in plain language. The uses of events in Science, Engineering, Medicine and Biology are indicated. Examples of exercises with solutions in each topic of the book and the solutions of the chapter exercises are given at the end of the book. The book covers all topics in short at undergraduate level, slightly above the level of optics studied in basic physics.

Bahadır Fatih Yıldırım, Ceren Pehlivan, Duhan Alptürk İnce, Eda Fendoğlu, Esra Canpolat Gökçe, Gökçe Candan, Gökhan Konat, Hatice İlhan Küçük, Mustafa Deste, Neslihan Fidan Keçeci, Şebnem Taş, Tayfur Bayat, Yavuz Özek Finance is a branch that examines money management, as well as financial systems consisting of banks, loans, assets, investments and debts, and represents the working process of these systems. Today, finance has become an important part of sustainability as well as its role as an intermediary in the economic system. Therefore, due to the increase in the importance of investment in the realization of sustainable development and the provision of information technology for new and environmentally friendly energy systems, the computation of many criteria and alternatives, and the complexity of risk, and the use of programs that make faster and easier calculations, studies in the field of finance are now in the world. is of great importance. For this reason, this book, with the efforts of thirteen scientists in the field of Finance; Quantitative decision methods, current analyzes from the perspectives of economics, business and econometrics, and extensive literature links, as well as original studies consisting of eleven chapters that bring together theory and practice.

Meral Sucu, Funda Kul This book has been prepared as a textbook for Finance Mathematics courses given in Economics, Business Banking, Finance and Actuarial departments of universities. It will be a resource book that can be used by candidates who will take the Capital Markets Board (CMB) Licensing exams and Actuarial exams.
The topics in the book were written in a simple language, and it was tried to ensure the intelligibility of the topics with many examples. With the different exercises given at the end of each chapter, the knowledge was reinforced.
The book consists of six chapters. In the First Chapter, time value of money, interest problems are discussed and interest and discount types encountered in practice and academic studies are given in detail. The subject of definitive annuities is explored in Chapter Two of the book. In Chapter Three, annuities with variable payouts, which can be made at different frequencies from the interest conversion period, are discussed. In the fourth chapter of the book, the debt payment methods, Depreciation and Debt Payment Fund methods, are examined in detail and the relationship and differences between them are emphasized. In the Fifth Chapter, commonly used investment instruments in financial markets are introduced and the valuation of these products is examined. In Chapter Six, derivatives markets and derivative products are discussed in detail and models used for pricing derivatives are explained.
The book will be useful as a textbook for people and students interested in finance.

Ethem Gelir, Mitat Koz, Gülfem Ersöz In this book; the organs and organ systems that make up the human body, how the organism functions in its integrity, and how the functional organization of our body takes place are explained in a simple level.
Firstly; in the structural and functional organization part of the human body, it is explained how the basic elements that exist in nature come together to form first chemical compounds, then cells, tissues, organs, systems and finally the whole of the organism and how they work in harmony by completing each other.
In the next parts of the book, cells, which are the functional unit of the organism, respectively; blood, which has basic functions such as transport, protection and regulation; nervous system with functions such as rapid control, coordination and learning-memory between systems; muscular system that elicits movements; the heart and circulatory system, which ensures that blood circulates throughout the body; the respiratory system that provides oxygen, which is the most basic requirement of life; digestive system, which allows energy sources and metabolic building blocks to enter the body; excretory system that allows the wastes formed in the body to be excreted through urine; the sensory system that ensures harmony with our environment through communication; endocrine system, which provides long-term and permanent coordination between systems; the reproductive system that maintains the species; nutrition, metabolism and thermoregulation events are explained separately in each section with the support of some anatomy knowledge.

Burhan KACAR Plant Physiology is a branch of science that explains the basic problems of the formation, maintenance and termination of physiological events in plants according to the laws of physics and chemistry. In order to fully understand and learn about plant life, these complex events must be examined. Studies on plant physiology also shed light on important agricultural functions such as growing and harvesting plants suitable for the environment, and combating diseases and pests.
In the 1st part of this book, which consists of 15 main chapters, Plant Organs; It is explained in 5 subsections under the titles of Plant Cell, Plant Seeds, Plant Root, Plant Stem, Plant Leaf. The Structure and Properties of Water, Water-Cell Relationship, Water-Plant Relationship are explained in Chapter 2. Water Depletion in Plants is given in Chapter 3, Plant Nutrient Elements and Their Absorption in Chapter 4, and then Enzymes are explained in detail in Chapter 5, using the most recent sources. Production of Organic Matter in Plants (Photosynthesis) is explained in Chapter 6, Transport of Mineral Salts and Photosynthesis Products is explained in Chapter 7. Nitrogen and Sulfur Extraction is given in Chapter 8 of the book, Protein Extraction is given in Chapter 9, and Lipid Extraction is given in Chapter 10. Breathing in Chapter 11; explained in detail under six subheadings. Growth and Growth Movements are explained in Chapter 12, Flowering Physiology in Chapter 13, Movement Physiology in Plants in Chapter 14 and finally in Chapter 15 Stress Physiology based on the latest research findings.
Each of the 15 chapters in the book have been read by at least three of the 21 scientists working at different universities and research institutions, and who usually teach Plant Physiology Courses to undergraduate and graduate students in our universities. The names and addresses of the helping scientists are presented under the title of Contributors, as is practiced in the books published abroad.

Ömer Ertürk, Sinem Aydın, Ülkü Karaman, Duygu Odabaş Alver Microbiology has become an important and interesting field for beginners. While learning the content and concepts of basic microbiology, many questions are asked: How do I learn the names of all these microorganisms? What infection does bacteria, virus or fungus cause and which diseases do they cause? How are these diseases treated? In this book, comprehensive information is presented about the information that a student or an academician interested in the field of microbiology is curious about in the field of microbiology. The basic concepts of General and Molecular Microbiology have been tried to be presented in a clear and concise manner that will appeal to students studying in different health fields and academicians interested in microbiology. The topics are written in a plain language, with uncomplicated explanations for difficult concepts. The topics were summarized through tables and figures rather than a long text, and colorful visuals were included for students. In particular, the important points in the reviews were highlighted in the boxes to help the students, and the study questions were prepared to address the relevant aspects of each subject, including clinical cases, and each section was prepared with current developments and information on microbiology. The book starts with a general introduction to microbiology and continues with chapters where general microbiology issues are discussed in detail. All microorganisms are given individually under sections. The sections on bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are neatly arranged. Each chapter is presented in color to excite those interested in microbiology and engage them while teaching new information. The book will also be useful in the laboratory applications of the subjects that form the basis of microbiology in the faculties of science, education faculties, medical faculties and dentistry faculties.

Selma Güven, Nükhet N. Demirel Zorba The first edition of our book, of which we have made the 12th edition, was made in 2003 under the title of "General Microbiology". It includes topics such as the morphology, cell structures, development, reproduction, ecology, hereditary changes, classification of microorganisms and consists of 10 chapters. In the 2 (2007), 3 (2011), 4 (2013), 5 (February 2015), 6 (November 2015) editions of the book, tools and equipment used in the microbiology laboratory, aseptic technique, sterilization, microscope types, staining methods, pure culture techniques Laboratory applications such as , media, counting methods are also included. Thus, the book consisting of 24 chapters was named as “General Microbiology and Laboratory Guide”.
In each renewed edition, new sources on the subject were scanned and important information was added. In the 4th edition made in 2013, no significant changes were made in the subject headings except for the additional titles of the structure and functions of nucleic acids (3.2.8.1.) and general and current summary information about antibiotics (5.5.). However, in the 5th edition, the subsection on the structure-functions of nucleic acids (3.2.8.1.) was taken to the 9th section and the name of this section was changed to "genetics of microorganisms and hereditary change". In the 9th edition, additions were made to the 10th chapter. In the 10th and 11th editions, some grammatical errors were corrected and in the last edition the importance of microbiology was added.
Our aim is to present a book on General Microbiology to the students of the Food Engineering Department of the faculties of Engineering and Agriculture and to the students of other departments studying General Microbiology at Universities. Of course, we will be proud that everyone who is interested in the subject will benefit from our book.
We are happy to be able to make the tenth edition of our book, which is popularly read in the relevant departments of both our universities and vocational schools.

Abdurrahman Aktümsek An effort has been made to prepare a textbook covering the latest developments in zoology for students studying biology and taking zoology courses in different faculties. A large number of figures and pictures are presented for better understanding and reinforcement of the subjects.

Abdurrahman Aktümsek, Atilla Arslan, Haluk Özparlak, Turgay Üstüner, Gökhan Zengin This book has been prepared to provide a resource for students studying biology and taking zoology courses in different faculties about the studies they can do in the zoology laboratory in accordance with the General Zoology textbook. Difficult, troublesome and costly studies were avoided, and studies that could be done easily were included. In order for the studies to be understood better, the written texts are supported with figures. In addition, tables were created at the end of many studies and the results were emphasized. Some of the studies in this book can be used in the laboratory studies of some other zoological courses as well as the General Zoology Laboratory course.

Mehmet Topaktaş Genetics is the science that studies heredity and heredity in living things. In the science of genetics, besides the classic subjects such as Mendel's Studies, there are also rapidly changing fields, such as in the field of Molecular Genetics. The main thing in a genetics book is to provide the latest information in rapidly changing fields along with classical subjects. In addition, the author should reflect his own views on the book after synthesizing the acquired knowledge. For these reasons, I wanted this book to include not only the topics that I teach my students during limited class hours, but also all the basic topics that should be in a genetics book. That's what I tried to do while writing this book. For this reason, it took many years to write the book, and as a result, this work emerged. I hope that my book will add new richness to the knowledge of the target audience.
Target audience for this book:
• Scientists working in the field of genetics,
• Research assistants working on a postgraduate thesis in the field of genetics and students working on a postgraduate thesis,
• Students of the Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Departments of the Faculties of Science and Letters, the Science and Biology Teaching departments of the Faculties of Agriculture, Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Faculties, Education Faculties,
• Biology teachers of high schools and science teachers of primary schools and
• People from all walks of life who are interested in genetics.
The fact that the book reaches its goal will make me forget all my tiredness.

Ahmet CANBAŞ Ayşe KARADAĞ, Bahar KASAPGİL İNCE, Barbaros ÖZER, Beraat ÖZÇELİK, Candan TAMERLER, Dilara Nilüfer ERDİL, Dilek BOYACIOĞLU, Emel ORDU, Emrah YELBOĞA, Esra ÇAPANOĞLU GÜVEN, Güzin KABAN, Hasan TANGÜLER, Haşim KELEBEK, Hüseyin ERTEN, Levent DAĞAŞAN, Murat YILMAZTEKİN, Mükerrem KAYA, Necla ARAN, Nermin GÖZÜKIRMIZI, Neşe Şahin YEŞİLÇUBUK, Nevin Gül KARAGÜLER, Nilgün AYMAN ÖZ, Orhan İNCE, Said Koray YEŞİLADALI, Şükriye ÇELİKKOL, Turgut CABAROĞLU, Volkan KALENDER KÖSEOĞLU, Zeynep ÇETECİOĞLU, Zeynep Petek ÇAKAR, The Food Biotechnology book is the first and pioneering work in terms of its content and scope among similar Turkish sources. In the book, it is aimed to bring together the basic sciences within the scope of food biotechnology and their biotechnological applications. The book is an undergraduate / graduate level textbook and covers the latest developments in the relevant application areas as well as the basic information. In this respect, it is aimed to contribute to the development of students' interpretation and questioning skills. In addition, it can be a basic resource for young researchers who want to do scientific work in the field of food biotechnology. The fact that it has been prepared by scientists from different universities of our country, from different disciplines and industries, each of whom are experts in their fields, and that it includes applications specific to our country, are the important features that make the book strong and different.

Yüksel Özdemir Living in a mysterious universe has always excited people and people have always wondered about the formation of the universe. Thinking about the universe in the face of this curiosity has become an inevitable task for all responsible scientists. All living things exist in the universe within a short period of time. We humans can only discover a small part of the events of the universe during this time period. Universe; It is a scientific, multi-parameter, complex set of relationships with its main basis, rather than a whole consisting of space, substances, laws and facts. In addition, man is in need of a correct explanation about the universe and his own existence.
In this book; One of the main problems of the history of thought, what the universe is, the relationship between man and the universe, the place and problems of man in this universe, the correct, good and useful ideas put forward from ancient times to the modern age, as well as the dimensions of some ideas that need to be reinterpreted and criticised. His different ideas and comments were discussed.

Abuzer Gündüz Ring Theory is a theory that is taught in the undergraduate courses of our universities and contains the basic tools of algebraic geometry in general. Its main motivation is to be able to do arithmetic with integers in new ring classes. In this respect, it relies entirely on the ability to think abstractly. Naming things and establishing relationships between them is the starting point of this process. The possibilities these new structures offer us are quite surprising.
In this book, we tried to present the first seven chapters taught at the undergraduate level in as much detail as possible, with clear proofs and solved questions. Secondly, we have written the last four chapters for undergraduate and graduate students who want to do research on these topics. Our main goal is to get them to the level where they can read articles on this subject.
We hope that the reader will develop reasoning skills and acquire the habit of proving by trying to solve the solved questions and the end-of-chapter questions.
Hope the book will be useful to all readers...

Kaan Zülfikar Deniz Although statistics is a very easy field to learn, the learner's own affective barriers can prevent learning. When we look at those who have problems in learning statistics, it is seen that most of these individuals have had negative experiences in numerical or statistics courses in the past.
This work, named Statistical, provides a practical learning resource for researchers, academicians and students working in both social sciences and other fields of science, without overwhelming the learner with statistical formulas. A self-resource has been created for all the information needed for introduction to statistics and the application of fundamental analysis.
The first part of the book has a structure that is explained simply and reinforced with real-life examples. The statistical information in the first part forms the basis of the subjects in the second part. In the second part, the introduction of the SPSS program, the explanation for all statistical analysis, the visual processing steps of the SPSS application of the relevant subject, the introduction of the SPSS results, the tabulation and interpretation parts in accordance with the APA format, which is frequently used in social sciences. In addition to these, the most common mistakes in the relevant statistics at the end of each topic and the special situations that the researcher may encounter and the solution proposals, which consist of their solution suggestions, are in the nature of answers to the questions that most researchers cannot find answers to. The book aims to provide permanent learning as a whole and systematically.

Ayla Öber, Gamze Turgay İzzetoğlu The subjects included in molecular biology, cell biology and histology branches have priority in understanding the lessons taken during biology education. Histology, which is the science of tissue, examines the tissues formed as a result of the coming together of similar cells to undertake a certain function, using many different methods.
In this book; First of all, important ways of working for the subject, a brief reminder about the cell, and the formation, classification and briefly functioning of basic tissues such as epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue that cells are structured are discussed. It also focuses on how the basic tissues come together and the organs they form and the emerging systems; Diseases to be associated with each tissue and system are given for general information purposes.
At the end of the book, there is a glossary of words from the book that are not explained in the topic.

Yavuz UNAT In the book, it has been tried to give a historical process how the science of astronomy has developed from the ancient times to the present. This work; it consists of six main sections: The Birth of Astronomy and Astronomy in Ancient Civilizations, Astronomy in the Ancient Greek Period, Medieval Astronomy, Renaissance and Copernican Theory, Modern Astronomy and the Development of Astronomy After the 17th Century. In the first part of the book, the contributions of ancient civilizations to astronomy are discussed, and in the second part, the contributions of the ancient Greek civilization to astronomy. The third part, which is devoted to medieval astronomy, consists of two parts, astronomy in the Christian World and astronomy in the Islamic World. In addition, in this part, the development of astronomy from the foundation of the Ottoman Empire to the Republic and the introduction of modern astronomy to the Ottoman Empire are discussed. In the fourth chapter, the Heliocentric Theory of the Universe founded by Copernicus, and in the fifth chapter, modern astronomy established by Kepler. The last chapter is devoted to the study of astronomy after the seventeenth century.

Abdurrahman Aktümsek

Bülent Yılmaz This course book has been prepared on the basis of the content of the courses taught under the name of Statistics, General Statistics and Introduction to Statistics in Education Faculties, Science and Literature Faculties and Vocational Schools (Health Vocational Schools).
In the first chapter, the concepts of statistics and graphics, series and frequency curves are emphasized. In the next chapters, probability and probability function, expected values and moments, distribution theory, correlation and regression are studied with extensive examples.

Burak Birgören Imagine a product that you use a lot, and then think about the most important feature that determines the quality of that product for you. For example, this could be the life of the battery for a mobile phone. What would you say if you were told that none of the original batteries placed in the same brand and model product are exactly the same, or even if you are unlucky, you will come across a battery with a short lifespan and therefore the battery will run out after 6-7 months of use?
The first explanation that manufacturers will make to unlucky customers is that this is usually due to incorrect or heavy use. But let us tell you a secret. There may also be serious differences between the lifetimes of batteries used in exactly the same conditions. Such differences appear in a wide variety of products such as white goods, electronic goods, automobiles, and in the various features of these products. The engine sound insulation of two cars of the same model is not at the same level, such as turning the knob of one of the two dishwashers of the same model is easy and the other is difficult. In addition, the same problems are valid for a company that purchases raw materials or semi-finished products from a supplier. These differences are due to the fact that the products cannot be produced exactly as they were designed. This leads to serious customer dissatisfaction and loss of customers. For this reason, systematic studies are carried out in all sectors to make production more suitable for design.
All studies conducted for this purpose fall within the field of statistical quality control. The main subjects of these studies are the measurement of product features, quality characteristics in technical terms, statistical modeling and analysis of measurements, and as a result, the discovery and elimination of the causes of non-compliance with the design. Today, we see that these studies are sometimes carried out in the form of total quality management, sometimes ISO 9000, and sometimes six sigma applications. After discussing these different quality management approaches in the book, the methods used for statistical quality control are explained with various industry applications.

Ömer Önalan This book is designed to cover the two-semester content of the general mathematics course taught in the Business Administration Departments of universities.
In the book, the basic subjects of calculus, linear algebra, probability and differential equations are tried to be dealt with in an intuitive approach by associating them with reality as much as possible, in order to prepare the ground for the students of business administration to solve the problems they will encounter in the real world by using the concepts and symbolism of mathematics.
At the end of each chapter, a sufficient number of examples are discussed to reinforce the subject, and the solutions of many of them are also included.

Arif Sabuncuoğlu This book, which is the first of two volumes prepared for the general mathematics courses taught in the Business Administration and Economics Departments of our universities, has plenty of questions with solutions at the end of each section. The solution to each problem is explained broadly and clearly. Even if proofs of some theorems are not given while the subjects are being treated, it has been tried to geometrically imply why they are so. Most of the theorems and fundamental formulas have been proved.
There are enough examples in the book to explain the theorems and basic information. While introducing a new concept, the relation of this concept with previous concepts was established, and it was tried for our students to learn by understanding that information in the easiest way.