Research Methods \ 1-1
“Nepotism, oppression, exclusion and liquidation… The history of the universities and academic life of the Republic of Turkey has been systematically tarnished by these three diseases. I think that the book Ethical Violations in Academia: Experienced Cases makes meaningful and up-to-date contributions to the exposure of these diseases.”
prof. Dr. Korkut Boratav
"Being able to take part in academic life, which should be an environment where the truth is sought by discussing and discussing, requires human respect as much as respect for truth. Truth morality is the morality of people who seek the truth. There is no human being in a structure without values that create this morality. Here, this book is an inspiration for academic moral life from different perspectives. It consists of studies that reveal the values that should be and the problems in living these values. I respectfully welcome the efforts of the compilers and authors, and I wish that the university, which should be a respected institution, will walk towards competence step by step with such studies."
prof. Dr. Ahmet Inam, METU
“This book, published by AKETDER, symbolizes a bold step that brings the issue of ethical violations, one of the most important problems of the academy, to the agenda. The examples in the book about ethical violations, which are known to exist and widespread in academia, will also be a guide on how to overcome this problem. I congratulate the Association and its editors for their efforts and courageous actions in this direction.”
prof. Dr. Gülten DİNÇ, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa
“Prof. Dr. Fahri Apaydın and Assoc. Dr. This unique work, titled "Violations of Ethics in Academia", prepared for publication by Sinan Kadir Çelik, reflects the ethical situation of the academy. When it comes to academia, the first thing that comes to mind is mobbing. mobbing; It causes mental health disorders, loss of self-confidence, loss of self-esteem, and suicide in people. It is very important to raise awareness on this issue and to make legal arrangements immediately. We know that mobbing incidents occur frequently in Turkey, especially in universities, and that administrators tend to cover up. In this respect, the work we have is the writing and disclosure of what was covered up by the academics themselves.”
prof. Dr. Kemal Kocabaş, Dokuz Eylul University
It is necessary to congratulate all those who have contributed to the hope that this valuable study, which brings up a number of problems that seriously affect the scientific freedom environment and academic life in our country, with its historical examples, will be effective in overcoming these problems, especially to the extent that it raises the awareness of young scientists.
prof. Dr. Galip Yalman, METU Political Science, retired faculty member
This book has accomplished a very important work and a first by reminding the scientists of our country about the moral obligations of being an academician. I hope that this book, which I wish to continue, will be an opportunity to confront our common ethical violations and mistakes, and recommend all scientists and university students to obtain this book and read it carefully; I congratulate the compilers and contributors of this book.
prof. Dr. Dogan Ozlem, Yeditepe University
prof. Dr. Korkut Boratav
"Being able to take part in academic life, which should be an environment where the truth is sought by discussing and discussing, requires human respect as much as respect for truth. Truth morality is the morality of people who seek the truth. There is no human being in a structure without values that create this morality. Here, this book is an inspiration for academic moral life from different perspectives. It consists of studies that reveal the values that should be and the problems in living these values. I respectfully welcome the efforts of the compilers and authors, and I wish that the university, which should be a respected institution, will walk towards competence step by step with such studies."
prof. Dr. Ahmet Inam, METU
“This book, published by AKETDER, symbolizes a bold step that brings the issue of ethical violations, one of the most important problems of the academy, to the agenda. The examples in the book about ethical violations, which are known to exist and widespread in academia, will also be a guide on how to overcome this problem. I congratulate the Association and its editors for their efforts and courageous actions in this direction.”
prof. Dr. Gülten DİNÇ, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa
“Prof. Dr. Fahri Apaydın and Assoc. Dr. This unique work, titled "Violations of Ethics in Academia", prepared for publication by Sinan Kadir Çelik, reflects the ethical situation of the academy. When it comes to academia, the first thing that comes to mind is mobbing. mobbing; It causes mental health disorders, loss of self-confidence, loss of self-esteem, and suicide in people. It is very important to raise awareness on this issue and to make legal arrangements immediately. We know that mobbing incidents occur frequently in Turkey, especially in universities, and that administrators tend to cover up. In this respect, the work we have is the writing and disclosure of what was covered up by the academics themselves.”
prof. Dr. Kemal Kocabaş, Dokuz Eylul University
It is necessary to congratulate all those who have contributed to the hope that this valuable study, which brings up a number of problems that seriously affect the scientific freedom environment and academic life in our country, with its historical examples, will be effective in overcoming these problems, especially to the extent that it raises the awareness of young scientists.
prof. Dr. Galip Yalman, METU Political Science, retired faculty member
This book has accomplished a very important work and a first by reminding the scientists of our country about the moral obligations of being an academician. I hope that this book, which I wish to continue, will be an opportunity to confront our common ethical violations and mistakes, and recommend all scientists and university students to obtain this book and read it carefully; I congratulate the compilers and contributors of this book.
prof. Dr. Dogan Ozlem, Yeditepe University
Academic researchers benefit from the opportunities offered by technology in different ways: indexing, citation and resource scanning, using collaborative platforms, using online forms while collecting data, using academic social networks, sharing studies on blog pages, analyzing data, using various bibliography (reference) software. plagiarism checking the work report and using web tools and classroom interactive applications...
This book is handled with a simple approach that can be used by any researcher who wants to use technology in academic research. Concepts that are always heard, never used, or unknown how to use are presented in a simple and practical way in the book. Regardless of their faculty, department or major, all undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students can easily benefit from the topics covered in this book while conducting academic research or thesis work.
With the hope that it will be useful to every researcher who is in the academic life and who wants to improve their technological skills and improve themselves...
This book is handled with a simple approach that can be used by any researcher who wants to use technology in academic research. Concepts that are always heard, never used, or unknown how to use are presented in a simple and practical way in the book. Regardless of their faculty, department or major, all undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students can easily benefit from the topics covered in this book while conducting academic research or thesis work.
With the hope that it will be useful to every researcher who is in the academic life and who wants to improve their technological skills and improve themselves...
Scientific research; It is the process of learning, collaborating effectively with other researchers and fields, and turning all this into a great excitement, with intense effort and endless effort, passionate curiosity and never-ending quest.
This book has been prepared to help you with its rich content and competent writers in such a process.
This book has been prepared to help you with its rich content and competent writers in such a process.
This book, prepared by the author, who believes that researches can be evaluated with the processes followed, and therefore adds the reporting step to the traditional scientific method perception, is an applied model of the basic concepts, principles and techniques related to research reports.
With the twentieth edition, the book was rewritten in the light of the "Scientific Will Perception Framework" developed by the author. In this second article (“2nd edition”), although the basic structure of the first article is preserved, a new section has been added and measures to facilitate implementation are included.
In the new article, in the “Research and Publication Ethics” section added to the book, examples of ethical rules that are considered at different levels from universal to national and institutional; The functions and processes of plagiarism (similarity) checks are explained.
The technical conveniences that come with computer technology are largely reflected in the model. In this context, concrete guides and templates were prepared. Important innovations and conveniences were exemplified in subjects such as chapter and subsection title definitions, table of contents, citing references and creating bibliography. In the citations, a unique Karasar format that can be mounted in Microsoft Word has been developed and made available. In addition to the examples in the book, the web site addresses where the recommended applications are designed and access/discount is free are given.
The previous steps of the scientific method were given in the book "SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHOD: Concepts Principles Techniques", which was published in the 2nd edition and 30th edition (32nd edition in 2017) with the Scientific Will Perception Framework in 2016. Thus, the harmony between these two books, which complement each other, was preserved.
With the twentieth edition, the book was rewritten in the light of the "Scientific Will Perception Framework" developed by the author. In this second article (“2nd edition”), although the basic structure of the first article is preserved, a new section has been added and measures to facilitate implementation are included.
In the new article, in the “Research and Publication Ethics” section added to the book, examples of ethical rules that are considered at different levels from universal to national and institutional; The functions and processes of plagiarism (similarity) checks are explained.
The technical conveniences that come with computer technology are largely reflected in the model. In this context, concrete guides and templates were prepared. Important innovations and conveniences were exemplified in subjects such as chapter and subsection title definitions, table of contents, citing references and creating bibliography. In the citations, a unique Karasar format that can be mounted in Microsoft Word has been developed and made available. In addition to the examples in the book, the web site addresses where the recommended applications are designed and access/discount is free are given.
The previous steps of the scientific method were given in the book "SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHOD: Concepts Principles Techniques", which was published in the 2nd edition and 30th edition (32nd edition in 2017) with the Scientific Will Perception Framework in 2016. Thus, the harmony between these two books, which complement each other, was preserved.
The book was rewritten in 2016. In my second article, the author; the perception of scientific research was restructured with the experience gained from nearly fifty years of research, training and consultancy services in the field of Research Methodology. All perceptual wills, which were observed to be effective in the decision processes of real life, were included in the field of scientific interest. Thus, it was aimed to remove or alleviate the limitations of scientific research experienced in understanding, explaining and controlling life as a whole.
In the first part of the book, "Scientific Will Perception Framework" and "Research Education"; In the second part, "Research Processes" from defining the research problem to preparing a report were tried to be presented as a whole with the basic concepts, principles and techniques.With this form, it is aimed that the book will be a resource that those who are interested in research in almost every field and at every level can choose and benefit from.
The details of preparing the report are given in the book "Report Preparation in Research" with the addition of "Research and Publication Ethics", which was published in the twenty-first edition together with the second article prepared by the author with the same perception framework.
In the first part of the book, "Scientific Will Perception Framework" and "Research Education"; In the second part, "Research Processes" from defining the research problem to preparing a report were tried to be presented as a whole with the basic concepts, principles and techniques.With this form, it is aimed that the book will be a resource that those who are interested in research in almost every field and at every level can choose and benefit from.
The details of preparing the report are given in the book "Report Preparation in Research" with the addition of "Research and Publication Ethics", which was published in the twenty-first edition together with the second article prepared by the author with the same perception framework.
The purpose of the book; The aim is to provide researchers with the skills to choose an appropriate statistical test in the analysis of quantitative data, to apply the chosen test by following the correct steps, and to explain and interpret the results of the analysis. This was taken into account in the creation of the content of the book. Statistical test selection is the first and most important step in the data analysis process. The validity and reliability of the application of the selected test and the subsequent comments depend on the correct test selection. Therefore, test selection is considered as the first section. Each section describes the specific conditions for choosing that test. The book includes parametric tests and non-parametric tests, which are thought to be widely used in the field of Educational Sciences. The sample applications of the tests were based on the problem situations that could be the subject of research in the field of Educational Sciences, and the analyzes were made in the SPSS-21 program on the data produced. The outputs of the analysis were explained, sample tables of these outputs that could be included in the research report were created and the data were interpreted.
Detailed theoretical information is avoided in the book, and the sample applications given are supported with explanations. In the analysis steps and explanations, possible difficulties that the researcher may encounter were taken into account as much as possible, “do your own thing” without the help of anyone else. A way to serve the understanding has been followed. It is hoped that the work will be beneficial to academicians working in the field of Social Sciences in general, and educational sciences in particular, and researchers who are doing postgraduate studies, and will guide our teachers, who are in search of excellence, to overcome the problems they encounter while doing research in the teaching process.
Detailed theoretical information is avoided in the book, and the sample applications given are supported with explanations. In the analysis steps and explanations, possible difficulties that the researcher may encounter were taken into account as much as possible, “do your own thing” without the help of anyone else. A way to serve the understanding has been followed. It is hoped that the work will be beneficial to academicians working in the field of Social Sciences in general, and educational sciences in particular, and researchers who are doing postgraduate studies, and will guide our teachers, who are in search of excellence, to overcome the problems they encounter while doing research in the teaching process.
The way to reach accurate information in a scientific research is to collect as much error-free data as possible. This is only possible with the use of reliable and valid measurement tools developed using scientific methods. In this book, it is aimed to discuss the development processes of a reliable and valid measurement tool in detail.
In the book, the development processes of questionnaires, scales and tests, which are measurement tools used in quantitative scientific research, are explained in detail with SPSS and AMOS solutions. The solution and interpretation of the examples for the types of reliability and validity that the scales should have have been tried to be presented in a simplicity that can be easily understood. The steps of adapting a scale developed in a foreign language into Turkish are also included. In the last part, data collection methods used in qualitative scientific research are discussed together with their strengths and weaknesses.
This book is a work that can be used by researchers who do scientific research, especially scale development studies, and students studying at the graduate level.
In the book, the development processes of questionnaires, scales and tests, which are measurement tools used in quantitative scientific research, are explained in detail with SPSS and AMOS solutions. The solution and interpretation of the examples for the types of reliability and validity that the scales should have have been tried to be presented in a simplicity that can be easily understood. The steps of adapting a scale developed in a foreign language into Turkish are also included. In the last part, data collection methods used in qualitative scientific research are discussed together with their strengths and weaknesses.
This book is a work that can be used by researchers who do scientific research, especially scale development studies, and students studying at the graduate level.
This book is intended to explain to researchers how to perform multilevel regression models and analysis through the HLM program. In the first part of the book, which consists of four parts, the statistical foundations of multilevel regression models have been tried to be mentioned. In the second, third and fourth sections, applications are given on a completely exemplary research situation. In these sections, firstly, an exemplary research situation is explained, then how to transfer the data of this research situation to the HLM program and how the analysis is carried out are explained in detail with visuals. Since one of the most important problems for researchers is how to report their analyzes, a table and an example of interpretation are also included in the sections where the applications are made. In the book, the application of analysis is given priority rather than theoretical foundations.
Undoubtedly, it has been the scientific method that sheds the most light on human beings, who are in search of understanding nature and discovering the unknown, in this process. The scientific method has gone through different phases throughout history; It has taken many years for a scientific research process on which scientists have agreed to become clear. In this process, science was influenced by different philosophies and different approaches emerged. Although the positivist perspective of science and social sciences is common, post-positivist, social constructivist and pragmatist perspectives in social sciences are also accepted as a scientific approach. Educational sciences under the umbrella of social sciences also follow the methodology in social sciences. Educational scientists need to have a command of scientific methodology as well as their own field. The books to be published in this field are important in terms of meeting the needs of educational researchers. The "Research Methods in Education" book prepared in this context is a scientific research methods book enriched with examples and details in the field of education.
This book can be used as an undergraduate and graduate course book in Education Faculties and Institutes. Considering the scope and content of the book, it will be seen that it can be used as a textbook as well as an academic resource as a guide for education researchers. While the research methods books in the literature tend to focus on a single approach, each approach has been tried to be given in detail in this book.
The first part of the book covers the foundations of scientific research, ways of knowing, paradigms that guide scientific research processes, scientific research process and ethical rules. In the second part, the definition of the research problem and the literature review, sampling and sampling methods are discussed. In the third part of the book, research methods are presented in detail and each method is supported by an example from the field of education. In the fourth and fifth sections, respectively, data collection and analysis techniques are mentioned. In the last part of the book, the reporting of scientific research is presented in detail.
This book can be used as an undergraduate and graduate course book in Education Faculties and Institutes. Considering the scope and content of the book, it will be seen that it can be used as a textbook as well as an academic resource as a guide for education researchers. While the research methods books in the literature tend to focus on a single approach, each approach has been tried to be given in detail in this book.
The first part of the book covers the foundations of scientific research, ways of knowing, paradigms that guide scientific research processes, scientific research process and ethical rules. In the second part, the definition of the research problem and the literature review, sampling and sampling methods are discussed. In the third part of the book, research methods are presented in detail and each method is supported by an example from the field of education. In the fourth and fifth sections, respectively, data collection and analysis techniques are mentioned. In the last part of the book, the reporting of scientific research is presented in detail.
Research Methods in Education is a bedside resource that provides information on the patterning of scientific research, data collection, analysis and reporting. In the first part of the book; “Why do we need research?” The answer to the question was sought, and it was emphasized how a prospective teacher or educational scientist should be a researcher. In the second part; The planning processes of educational researches were discussed in all aspects, and these processes were supported with examples. In the third part; “Where should I start the research?” It was tried to answer the question, literature review, ways and methods of accessing primary sources, major databases, journals and internet resources of the field of educational sciences. In the fourth chapter; The problem, problem selection and writing processes, which are the first steps of the research, are explained in detail. In the fifth section; common research types in educational research; In the sixth chapter, the ways and methods about whom and where to apply to solve the problem in educational research are discussed. In the seventh chapter, the methods of obtaining the data needed for the solution of the data; in the eighth chapter, techniques for analyzing data; In the ninth chapter, the issues of checking the accuracy and credibility of the results are discussed in detail. The tenth chapter of this book deals with the subject of “teacher as an action researcher” in detail, which we think is very important for teachers and teacher candidates. In the eleventh and last chapter of this book, ethnography research and processes in education are explained.
Structural equation modeling has become a frequently used methodology both in social sciences and other fields in recent years. This methodology can be used in analyzes such as scale development, examining the psychometric properties of the scale, measuring invariance, testing multivariate models, estimating direct and indirect effects, as well as providing researchers with the opportunity to test their theories on empirical data. As in other multivariate statistics, advanced computer software is needed for parameter estimation in structural equation modeling. Mplus program, which is among the structural equation modeling software, has become a prominent latent variable program in recent years thanks to the flexibility it offers. This book, which is the first work on the Mplus program written in Turkey, focuses on how to implement structural equation modeling applications with the Mplus program; Path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural regression, latent growth models and applications of multigroup and multilevel models are included in the Mplus axis. The main purpose of this book is to facilitate the understandability and applicability of structural equation modeling for readers. Hope it will be a useful reference resource for anyone who plans to use structural equation modeling in their research with the Mplus program...
This book includes quantitative, qualitative and mixed method research designs and statistics. Book; introduction to research, research problem, hypotheses and variables, measuring variables, universe and sample, quantitative research designs; single-subject studies; internet-based research; data collection methods, observation, questionnaire, interview; analysis of quantitative data, descriptive and descriptive statistics (hypothesis testing); qualitative research designs, analysis of qualitative research data; mixed method research designs, analysis of mixed method research data; It consists of the main parts of writing a research proposal and writing the report of the research.
The differences of this book from other research books are; explaining internet-based research in which there are rapid developments in that direction and showing how to do it; The aim is to integrate quantitative, qualitative and mixed method research approaches within the framework of scientific method, and to show which and how to use descriptive and descriptive statistics in accordance with research designs.
The book is an exemplary book based on practice rather than theory, which can be easily used by undergraduate and graduate students, lecturers, teachers and other interested parties who want to do research, and will guide them to do their own research. With the hope that it will contribute to science and the field and be useful to all concerned...
The differences of this book from other research books are; explaining internet-based research in which there are rapid developments in that direction and showing how to do it; The aim is to integrate quantitative, qualitative and mixed method research approaches within the framework of scientific method, and to show which and how to use descriptive and descriptive statistics in accordance with research designs.
The book is an exemplary book based on practice rather than theory, which can be easily used by undergraduate and graduate students, lecturers, teachers and other interested parties who want to do research, and will guide them to do their own research. With the hope that it will contribute to science and the field and be useful to all concerned...
The effort to test different aspects of the psychological functions of events and situations is an important subject of contemporary psychology. In the process of realizing this function, the use of psychometric and statistical methods, as well as various, well-known standard tests, which are specially created as required by the relevant event and situation, are common. While psychologists working in the academic field may only focus on research and psychological theories aiming to deepen in a particular field, some other psychologists use this information in the field of applied psychology to provide immediate and practical benefit. Although these approaches show some differences, they are not mutually exclusive, and many psychologists become involved in a research process at some point in their career journey. Every psychologist who wants to be successful in his professional career should have a good command of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative psychological research includes the application of statistical analysis methods to psychological research and the development of new statistical approaches to measure or explain human behavior.
Most researchers consider the SPSS software program, which is the most widely used statistical analysis program in social sciences and especially behavioral sciences, as a difficult method. Spss Applications and Research Methods for Psychologists book is a guiding guide that also aims to ease the difficulties in this subject. This book will provide psychologists who want to do research with the ability to analyze research problems statistically, and to scientifically analyze the phenomena and events that fall into the field of psychology.
Most researchers consider the SPSS software program, which is the most widely used statistical analysis program in social sciences and especially behavioral sciences, as a difficult method. Spss Applications and Research Methods for Psychologists book is a guiding guide that also aims to ease the difficulties in this subject. This book will provide psychologists who want to do research with the ability to analyze research problems statistically, and to scientifically analyze the phenomena and events that fall into the field of psychology.
Quantitative data analysis is an important part of scientific research methods in psychology. One of the consequences of this situation is that the research design used during scientific studies in psychology determines which technique will be used to analyze the data obtained. From this point of view, all statistical analyzes in this book are handled together with the research design and measurement level they are related to.
The research examples and the topics covered in the book have been determined in accordance with the terminology that psychologists encounter in research methods, statistics and experimental psychology courses throughout their education. In order to increase clarity, the statistical analyzes in the book are handled through sample data files that the reader can download from the relevant web page. In addition, each analysis is supported by an example of an APA style report.
Considering the topics it covers, it is thought that the book is suitable both for those who are just starting to use SPSS and for researchers with SPSS experience. Therefore, the book is a helpful resource for both students and researchers in scientific research projects, research methods courses, and computer-applied statistics courses.
The research examples and the topics covered in the book have been determined in accordance with the terminology that psychologists encounter in research methods, statistics and experimental psychology courses throughout their education. In order to increase clarity, the statistical analyzes in the book are handled through sample data files that the reader can download from the relevant web page. In addition, each analysis is supported by an example of an APA style report.
Considering the topics it covers, it is thought that the book is suitable both for those who are just starting to use SPSS and for researchers with SPSS experience. Therefore, the book is a helpful resource for both students and researchers in scientific research projects, research methods courses, and computer-applied statistics courses.
Social science studies, whose focus is human, focus on how individuals make sense of events, interpret them and how they are affected by them. Qualitative research methods are one of the most effective ways to study this subject in depth.
Qualitative research methods are very important scientific research methods that have been preferred more frequently by researchers in recent times, both in terms of working directly with the person in their own language and not denying the potential effect of the researcher on the process. In qualitative studies, the goal is not to determine the truth or falsity of predetermined hypotheses, but to gather in-depth information about why and how experiences affect individuals. Within the framework of this basic stance, qualitative research has different methods, and each method has its own goal and analysis methodology. In this book, these methods are presented to the reader in detail in different chapters, by dealing with all the subtleties within the framework of both the purpose of the research and the ways to be followed according to the method used, and exemplified within the framework of studies in the field of psychology.
Qualitative research methods are very important scientific research methods that have been preferred more frequently by researchers in recent times, both in terms of working directly with the person in their own language and not denying the potential effect of the researcher on the process. In qualitative studies, the goal is not to determine the truth or falsity of predetermined hypotheses, but to gather in-depth information about why and how experiences affect individuals. Within the framework of this basic stance, qualitative research has different methods, and each method has its own goal and analysis methodology. In this book, these methods are presented to the reader in detail in different chapters, by dealing with all the subtleties within the framework of both the purpose of the research and the ways to be followed according to the method used, and exemplified within the framework of studies in the field of psychology.
This booklet has been compiled for young researchers and students; It is designed as a guide for conducting research, writing reports, and presenting research. It is essential that the explanations with questions and answers are clear, short and easy to understand. The theoretical part or broad explanation of the subjects is left to other source books. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all researchers whose ideas we have benefited from, quoted or inspired by, including those whose names we cannot include in the bibliography. If real data is used in the sample solutions, the source is stated, if the source is not specified, the data is hypothetical. This booklet is like a simple pick of the knowledge room for those who want to learn and research.
The long process after entering the room is up to the young people. Fundamental concepts, the framework of scientific research, its possibilities, limitations, reaching facts, especially in social sciences, expressing them in writing and verbally are the inventory of our research room. By saying this, planning research, being aware of information sources, resorting to sampling, collecting and analyzing appropriate data, organizing tables and graphs, presenting and defending the research in the classroom or in front of a jury, describing the research in a science congress or turning it into a journal article, in all these stages, scientific studies are carried out. We want to express staying within ethical rules. We aimed to provide this with small questions and simple answers to them. We tried to deal with our subjects and examples within the framework of social sciences. The fact that human and social problems, not physics or chemistry, gained a larger dimension than before, led to this result. Poverty, unemployment, inflation, lack of education, inefficiency, malnutrition, injustice in income distribution, fair administration, waste, basic human rights, peace, immigrants, asylum seekers, unhappiness, environmental problems, etc. The topics started to attract more attention of researchers and this type of research became sought after. All of these are “What are we going to investigate?” ready-made research topics for young people who ask. New technologies and the phenomenon of globalization have expanded the dimensions of the business. Internet literature and the production and sharing of virtual data provided many conveniences, but also increased complexity and information pollution.
Today, there are more than 200 universities and 8 million university students in Turkey, and the number of academic dissertations completed annually is about 75 thousand (2019 data). Again, there are 185 TV channels and 10 thousand internet news sites in our country. It is also useful to remember the prevalence of computers and smartphones. In our book, we try to emphasize the importance of reinforcing and supporting this huge system with educated human resources, scientific research and accurate information.
The long process after entering the room is up to the young people. Fundamental concepts, the framework of scientific research, its possibilities, limitations, reaching facts, especially in social sciences, expressing them in writing and verbally are the inventory of our research room. By saying this, planning research, being aware of information sources, resorting to sampling, collecting and analyzing appropriate data, organizing tables and graphs, presenting and defending the research in the classroom or in front of a jury, describing the research in a science congress or turning it into a journal article, in all these stages, scientific studies are carried out. We want to express staying within ethical rules. We aimed to provide this with small questions and simple answers to them. We tried to deal with our subjects and examples within the framework of social sciences. The fact that human and social problems, not physics or chemistry, gained a larger dimension than before, led to this result. Poverty, unemployment, inflation, lack of education, inefficiency, malnutrition, injustice in income distribution, fair administration, waste, basic human rights, peace, immigrants, asylum seekers, unhappiness, environmental problems, etc. The topics started to attract more attention of researchers and this type of research became sought after. All of these are “What are we going to investigate?” ready-made research topics for young people who ask. New technologies and the phenomenon of globalization have expanded the dimensions of the business. Internet literature and the production and sharing of virtual data provided many conveniences, but also increased complexity and information pollution.
Today, there are more than 200 universities and 8 million university students in Turkey, and the number of academic dissertations completed annually is about 75 thousand (2019 data). Again, there are 185 TV channels and 10 thousand internet news sites in our country. It is also useful to remember the prevalence of computers and smartphones. In our book, we try to emphasize the importance of reinforcing and supporting this huge system with educated human resources, scientific research and accurate information.
Since the units examined in the studies in the field of social sciences have various characteristics, the data is defined by more than one variable. In the case of a large number of variables, multivariate statistical analysis techniques are needed to analyze them together.
In this book, which is prepared as an undergraduate and graduate level textbook, multivariate statistical analysis techniques are discussed both theoretically and practically. In addition to the main multivariate statistical analysis techniques, advanced multivariate statistical analysis techniques are also included in the book. Analysis techniques in the content of the book were explained within the framework of basic conceptual information and applications were made with Stata, SPSS and R programs.
In order to guide students and researchers who will apply multivariate statistical analysis techniques, the book includes applications on various subjects in the field of social sciences, and attention has been paid to the detailed interpretation of the analysis results. Since these applications seek answers to various research questions by using real data, the book also has the feature of a research book, so it can be used by sectoral researchers, undergraduate and graduate students in all areas where multivariate analysis techniques are applied.
This book, which consists of twenty-one chapters, has been prepared by academics working at various universities in Turkey, whose fields of expertise are statistics, econometrics and operations research, and includes the following topics.
• Basic Assumptions of Multivariate Statistical Analysis Techniques
• Analysis of Data Entry and Multivariate Analysis Assumptions with Stata, SPSS and R Programs
• Multiple Linear Regression Models
• Logistic Regression Analysis
• Multivariate Analysis of Variance
• Factor Analysis
• Cluster Analysis
• Discriminant Analysis
• Canonical Correlation Analysis
• Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
• Reliability Analysis
• Conjoint Analysis
• Compliance Analysis
• Classification Decision Trees
• Artificial neural networks
• Survival Analysis
• System Simulation
• Hidden Class Analysis
• Text Mining
In this book, which is prepared as an undergraduate and graduate level textbook, multivariate statistical analysis techniques are discussed both theoretically and practically. In addition to the main multivariate statistical analysis techniques, advanced multivariate statistical analysis techniques are also included in the book. Analysis techniques in the content of the book were explained within the framework of basic conceptual information and applications were made with Stata, SPSS and R programs.
In order to guide students and researchers who will apply multivariate statistical analysis techniques, the book includes applications on various subjects in the field of social sciences, and attention has been paid to the detailed interpretation of the analysis results. Since these applications seek answers to various research questions by using real data, the book also has the feature of a research book, so it can be used by sectoral researchers, undergraduate and graduate students in all areas where multivariate analysis techniques are applied.
This book, which consists of twenty-one chapters, has been prepared by academics working at various universities in Turkey, whose fields of expertise are statistics, econometrics and operations research, and includes the following topics.
• Basic Assumptions of Multivariate Statistical Analysis Techniques
• Analysis of Data Entry and Multivariate Analysis Assumptions with Stata, SPSS and R Programs
• Multiple Linear Regression Models
• Logistic Regression Analysis
• Multivariate Analysis of Variance
• Factor Analysis
• Cluster Analysis
• Discriminant Analysis
• Canonical Correlation Analysis
• Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
• Reliability Analysis
• Conjoint Analysis
• Compliance Analysis
• Classification Decision Trees
• Artificial neural networks
• Survival Analysis
• System Simulation
• Hidden Class Analysis
• Text Mining
How is research done in the social sciences? The book tries to answer this question from A to Z, starting from the thought stage of the research, explaining what processes it went through, how its design was made, how the data sources related to the research were collected, what observation techniques were available. Among these observation techniques, indirect and direct methods and data collection techniques used in both academic studies and social research are explained. It focuses on the features of preparing a questionnaire (questionnaire), one of the common observation techniques needed in many fields. Monography, content and discourse analysis, which are widely and intensively used as observation techniques, and oral history studies and action research, which are among the direct observation methods that are becoming more and more widespread in different disciplines, are also included. In the last part of the research, the rules for writing the findings and results of a research are explained.
In the "Appendix" part of the research, there are updated examples of data collection techniques described in the book and jargon definitions related to the field.
In the "Appendix" part of the research, there are updated examples of data collection techniques described in the book and jargon definitions related to the field.
With this book, the researcher; will be able to analyze and interpret the results by looking only at the subject of interest, without examining the entire book. This book has been prepared for undergraduate, graduate and especially scientific research. Regarding the subjects, the examples were solved first theoretically and then with SPSS, AMOS and META package program. In this book, single and multivariate statistics are explained almost completely. In addition, since the book also contains theoretical information, it can be preferred in undergraduate and graduate education.
This book has been prepared for undergraduate, graduate and especially scientific research. In this book, in quantitative, qualitative and mixed research, how the research process (determining the research problem, establishing hypotheses, determining the sampling method, data collection, reliability, validity, analysis of the data, evaluation of the findings, reporting, publication ethics etc.) will be carried out, quantitative, qualitative and mixed research. terms of use of analysis methods, use of package programs (SPSS-AMOS-META) in the analysis of data, statistics specific to the field of health, etc. tried to be given. In quantitative methods, parametric and nonparametric techniques and their differences, analysis methods to be applied according to these differences are given. Similarly, the differences between qualitative methods and the situations to be applied according to these differences are given.
Today, many different statistical processes have become an integral part of test development processes in order to examine the qualities that measurement tools should have. With the widespread use of measurement tools, these procedures have been accepted as a "standard" for many researchers. In particular, confirmatory factor analysis and explanatory factor analysis are carried out to examine the construct validity. On the other hand, it is seen that these analyzes carried out today are carried out with techniques based on item response theory. In addition, the examination of structural equivalence, person congruence, and differentiated item functions are increasingly used in studies to determine validity. In addition to providing theoretical explanations on this new understanding of the validity and reliability, this book also includes a content that explains how the analyzes are carried out in the R software environment and how the findings are interpreted. For this reason, the R software environment is introduced in a part of the book. In order to make it easier for researchers to make applications, the R codes of the sample analyzes and the data sets used are also available to the readers. With this book, it is hoped that the frequency of use of modern test development applications in future studies will increase.