Physics and Astronomy \ 1-1
The information about alternative energy sources, which are gaining importance day by day, is in a process of constant change and renewal. In this book, it is aimed to bring together the current information obtained from more than three hundred and fifty domestic and foreign sources for alternative energy sources and bring them together with the reader. In the following sections of the book, which starts with the presentation of information and definitions about energy and energy resources; The basic concepts and principles of solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy, which are among alternative energy sources, are included. The chapters in the book contain a rich content about alternative energy sources, as well as a list of achievements and chapter evaluation questions. The book can be used as a source book by academicians, teachers and related researchers.
Is there a difference between astronomy and astrophysics? What are the issues that astrophysics will solve? In the book, which started by seeking answers to these questions, coordinate systems, star formation and the life cycle of a star, stellar movements, light from stars, galaxies, the formation of galaxies, the differences between galaxies, background radiation in astrophysics, high energy astrophysics, gravitational waves are discussed.
The reader will notice his progress as he progresses in this book, which is prepared in an understandable language and supported by visuals for a wide audience, from those who are only interested in astrophysics to those who want to research in the field of observational astrophysics.
The reader will notice his progress as he progresses in this book, which is prepared in an understandable language and supported by visuals for a wide audience, from those who are only interested in astrophysics to those who want to research in the field of observational astrophysics.
The history of science is a research activity that examines the development process of scientific knowledge, and by making use of historical information, the birth and spread of scientific theories in various periods, the way of thinking of scientists and their effects on the development process of social institutions, their mutual relations with other intellectual activities such as philosophy, religion and art, their place in the formation of technical knowledge, It tries to recognize and promote scientific activity in all its aspects by questioning the value and importance of individuals in their daily lives.
Technological standards are increasing day by day and “Will robots rule our daily lives?” The increasing human population over the long period of time until the 21st century, in which we live, has also caused an increase in needs. In addition, thanks to the mind bestowed upon man, he has developed tools and equipment that make life easier, sometimes with the desire to meet his daily needs, sometimes to solve a problem, and sometimes to live comfortably.
“HOW DID WE COME TODAY?” In our book titled, we talk about the short history of 100 important inventions and discoveries, some by chance and others for whom lives were given. Of course, the sanctity of any invention that has a scientific basis is indisputable. That's why the title "100 Important Discoveries and Inventions in Human History" (not "...The 100 Most Important Discoveries and Inventions") was added to the book. The book has been tried to be prepared in a way that will appeal to all segments interested in science. Hoping that the book will increase the number of people who are interested in science...
“HOW DID WE COME TODAY?” In our book titled, we talk about the short history of 100 important inventions and discoveries, some by chance and others for whom lives were given. Of course, the sanctity of any invention that has a scientific basis is indisputable. That's why the title "100 Important Discoveries and Inventions in Human History" (not "...The 100 Most Important Discoveries and Inventions") was added to the book. The book has been tried to be prepared in a way that will appeal to all segments interested in science. Hoping that the book will increase the number of people who are interested in science...
Optics and Photonics book examines lenses, mirrors, telescopes, interference, diffraction, polarization, which are the basis of Science and Engineering, and the innovations brought by these events and their use in technology. It also explains the phenomena of optical wires (fiberoptics), photoconductivity, lasers, holography, photovoltaicity and photoelasticity in plain language. The uses of events in Science, Engineering, Medicine and Biology are indicated. Examples of exercises with solutions in each topic of the book and the solutions of the chapter exercises are given at the end of the book. The book covers all topics in short at undergraduate level, slightly above the level of optics studied in basic physics.
In the book, it has been tried to give a historical process how the science of astronomy has developed from the ancient times to the present. This work; it consists of six main sections: The Birth of Astronomy and Astronomy in Ancient Civilizations, Astronomy in the Ancient Greek Period, Medieval Astronomy, Renaissance and Copernican Theory, Modern Astronomy and the Development of Astronomy After the 17th Century. In the first part of the book, the contributions of ancient civilizations to astronomy are discussed, and in the second part, the contributions of the ancient Greek civilization to astronomy. The third part, which is devoted to medieval astronomy, consists of two parts, astronomy in the Christian World and astronomy in the Islamic World. In addition, in this part, the development of astronomy from the foundation of the Ottoman Empire to the Republic and the introduction of modern astronomy to the Ottoman Empire are discussed. In the fourth chapter, the Heliocentric Theory of the Universe founded by Copernicus, and in the fifth chapter, modern astronomy established by Kepler. The last chapter is devoted to the study of astronomy after the seventeenth century.
The curiosity of mankind, which started with the understanding and interpretation of his environment, has made enough progress to examine atomic-sized objects in the twenty-first century. The findings obtained by the analysis of substances, especially solid substances, at the atomic level, have made these materials indispensable materials of life in the modern world. Modern Solid State Electronics devices and integrated circuits usually encompass small sizes of metal, semiconductor or insulator materials, which are three different forms of solids. Particularly, semiconductor materials have a very important place in the field of electronics in that their electrical, optical or magnetic properties can be changed by doping. This book has been prepared to cover the basic topics in Solid State Physics-I and Solid State Physics-II courses, which are compulsory two semesters in all physics departments of our universities. In addition, considering the importance of semiconductors in their technological applications, it also includes the amplification techniques, characterization and some basic applications of semiconductors for students specializing in semiconductor physics. Nanostructures and liquid crystals, which are current topics of the modern world, also constitute the last two chapters of the book.
Mass and energy balances play an important role in the analysis and design of processes involving physical and biological changes. As a result, courses covering the basic principles and applications of mass-energy balances are included in chemistry, food and bioengineering education programs.
The basic concepts of process control, which play a critical role in both product quality and safe operation of the facility in the industry, are also derived from mass-energy balances.
In this book, the basic concepts of mass and energy balances are given and their applications in industries involving physical, chemical and biological changes are presented with many examples.
In the first part of the book, processes and process variables are defined, the concept of degrees of freedom and problem solving techniques are given. In the second and third chapters, by giving the basic concepts of mass and energy balances for steady state, many examples are presented about their applications in chemical plants and especially in bioprocesses.
In the fourth chapter of the book, the industrial applications of mass-energy balances are presented by selecting iron production from iron ore and diethyl ether production facilities from ethyl alcohol.
In the last part of the book, detailed information is given about mass-energy balances in unsteady processes involving time-dependent process variables; The applications of unsteady mass-energy balances in processes involving reaction engineering, process dynamics and control and biochemical reactions are explained and their importance in research is emphasized.
As a result, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on mass and energy balances in Food, Bio and Control Engineering departments, as well as for engineers who are interested in process design, simulation and control in industry.
The basic concepts of process control, which play a critical role in both product quality and safe operation of the facility in the industry, are also derived from mass-energy balances.
In this book, the basic concepts of mass and energy balances are given and their applications in industries involving physical, chemical and biological changes are presented with many examples.
In the first part of the book, processes and process variables are defined, the concept of degrees of freedom and problem solving techniques are given. In the second and third chapters, by giving the basic concepts of mass and energy balances for steady state, many examples are presented about their applications in chemical plants and especially in bioprocesses.
In the fourth chapter of the book, the industrial applications of mass-energy balances are presented by selecting iron production from iron ore and diethyl ether production facilities from ethyl alcohol.
In the last part of the book, detailed information is given about mass-energy balances in unsteady processes involving time-dependent process variables; The applications of unsteady mass-energy balances in processes involving reaction engineering, process dynamics and control and biochemical reactions are explained and their importance in research is emphasized.
As a result, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on mass and energy balances in Food, Bio and Control Engineering departments, as well as for engineers who are interested in process design, simulation and control in industry.
This book; It was written for the undergraduate students of the Chemistry Department of the Faculty of Science to create a textbook. There are very few resources available for this course in Chemistry Departments. After our book on quantum chemistry in the Chemistry Departments and Quantum Chemistry for Scientists, we have prepared every topic of this book again. The book consists of ten chapters. After applying the Schrödinger equation to the harmonic vibratory and potential boxes, atoms and the time-independent perturbation method are simply explained, spectroscopic applications, molecules and molecular symmetry issues are examined.
The book is also very useful for graduate students of Chemistry Department, Physics Department, Mathematics Department students and Engineering Faculties students. Solutions for a total of 202 exercises at the end of each chapter are also given at the end of the book. So the reader can try it himself first and then look at the answers. In order not to be frightening, the topics were examined very simply and the readers were guided by the sources.
The book is also very useful for graduate students of Chemistry Department, Physics Department, Mathematics Department students and Engineering Faculties students. Solutions for a total of 202 exercises at the end of each chapter are also given at the end of the book. So the reader can try it himself first and then look at the answers. In order not to be frightening, the topics were examined very simply and the readers were guided by the sources.
This book was written to fill the gap in the independent physics book especially for students in engineering and technology majors, no doubt the book is very useful for science students as well. At the same time, those who do not want to be modern people and stay behind technological advances should definitely read this book. Today, the applications and applications of physics and the wave properties of matter have increased so much that it has been necessary to write independent physics books all over the world. For this, firstly, the concepts of motion, work-energy, moments of inertia, properties of matter, real and ideal gases, liquefaction of gases, equipartition of energy, diffusion and viscosity are given briefly and strikingly, and basic physics concepts are explained in two parts and their applications are briefly shown.
Beginning from the third chapter, the examination of the wave properties of matter and their applications have been examined. These are interference, diffraction, and polarization. Thus, Young's experiment, thin films, Newton's rings and their applications are studied. Chapter four explains the diffraction phenomenon. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, diffraction grating and applications are included. The fifth chapter covers the polarization phenomenon. Polarization patterns, delay plates, bicolour, and resolution of unknown polarization are explained in detail. Here, Kerr effect, Faraday effect and photoelasticity which is important for engineering and its applications are explained. The sixth chapter is devoted to the topic of superconductivity. If the superconductivity temperature is raised to room temperature, this issue is very important for engineering, technology and science as engineering and technology in the world will change completely. The seventh chapter gives a summary of quantum mechanics, but quantum mechanical tunneling is explained in detail and its applications are given in a way that cannot be found in any book. In the eighth chapter, the subject of laser is covered, three and four-level lasers, rubi laser and its applications are listed. Gas lasers are described. In the ninth chapter, holography and fiber optics are explained and their applications are presented. In the tenth chapter, dielectric properties of materials are examined, piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity are explained, magnetization forms and applications are shown. In the eleventh chapter, thermal properties and supersonic vibrations are examined and their applications are presented. The twelfth chapter is devoted to the detection of radiation emitted from the core, Geiger-Müller and scintillation counters and their applications are explained and their applications are shown. In the thirteenth chapter, nanomaterials, their production and applications are given. Sufficiently solved exercises are included in each chapter, and the solutions to the exercises at the end of the topics are given at the end of the book.
Beginning from the third chapter, the examination of the wave properties of matter and their applications have been examined. These are interference, diffraction, and polarization. Thus, Young's experiment, thin films, Newton's rings and their applications are studied. Chapter four explains the diffraction phenomenon. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, diffraction grating and applications are included. The fifth chapter covers the polarization phenomenon. Polarization patterns, delay plates, bicolour, and resolution of unknown polarization are explained in detail. Here, Kerr effect, Faraday effect and photoelasticity which is important for engineering and its applications are explained. The sixth chapter is devoted to the topic of superconductivity. If the superconductivity temperature is raised to room temperature, this issue is very important for engineering, technology and science as engineering and technology in the world will change completely. The seventh chapter gives a summary of quantum mechanics, but quantum mechanical tunneling is explained in detail and its applications are given in a way that cannot be found in any book. In the eighth chapter, the subject of laser is covered, three and four-level lasers, rubi laser and its applications are listed. Gas lasers are described. In the ninth chapter, holography and fiber optics are explained and their applications are presented. In the tenth chapter, dielectric properties of materials are examined, piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity are explained, magnetization forms and applications are shown. In the eleventh chapter, thermal properties and supersonic vibrations are examined and their applications are presented. The twelfth chapter is devoted to the detection of radiation emitted from the core, Geiger-Müller and scintillation counters and their applications are explained and their applications are shown. In the thirteenth chapter, nanomaterials, their production and applications are given. Sufficiently solved exercises are included in each chapter, and the solutions to the exercises at the end of the topics are given at the end of the book.
Thermodynamics, which is one of the basic engineering sciences, is given in the work within the framework of logical order, since its subjects are settled. The titles in the work that will benefit students who receive technical sciences and engineering education at associate and undergraduate level are listed as follows:
Basic thermodynamic concepts and definitions, properties of pure matter, ideal gas and ideal gas laws, first law of thermodynamics, second law and entropy, basic processes, theoretical and real cycles of four and two-stroke engines, theoretical and real cycles of gas turbines, aviation gas turbines, steam power cycles, refrigeration and heat pump cycles, fuels and combustion.
In the book, the subjects are handled in a very concise manner; laws, procedures and practices are discussed in an easy-to-understand manner without going into details. SI units are used in the book, and many sample problems are included in each chapter to help understanding the topics and principles. A sufficient number of study problems are added at the end of the chapters and their answers are given at the end of the problems. In the appendices, there are various charts used in solving the problems in the book.
Basic thermodynamic concepts and definitions, properties of pure matter, ideal gas and ideal gas laws, first law of thermodynamics, second law and entropy, basic processes, theoretical and real cycles of four and two-stroke engines, theoretical and real cycles of gas turbines, aviation gas turbines, steam power cycles, refrigeration and heat pump cycles, fuels and combustion.
In the book, the subjects are handled in a very concise manner; laws, procedures and practices are discussed in an easy-to-understand manner without going into details. SI units are used in the book, and many sample problems are included in each chapter to help understanding the topics and principles. A sufficient number of study problems are added at the end of the chapters and their answers are given at the end of the problems. In the appendices, there are various charts used in solving the problems in the book.
It is known that the latest advances and developments in physics will carry applications and developments in almost every field of other sciences to the present day. Considering this situation, it is important to understand the concepts of physics well in terms of helping the development of science branches.
This book; it is composed of the lecture notes of Vibrations and Waves Physics that we taught at Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Physics Department between the 1995-2010 academic years. This textbook will also benefit the Vibrations and Waves Laboratory course, which is compulsory. Physics of Vibrations and Waves is one of the compulsory courses taught in the first semester of the second year in the Physics Departments of the Faculties of Science and Education of universities.
The purpose of turning these lecture notes, which are taught under the name of Vibration and Waves, into a book is that there are not enough books written in Turkish at undergraduate and graduate levels. This problem makes itself felt even more in science. Because it is not possible for university students to follow foreign sources because they do not know a foreign language. We believe that this book will be useful for both undergraduate and graduate students.
This book; it is composed of the lecture notes of Vibrations and Waves Physics that we taught at Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Physics Department between the 1995-2010 academic years. This textbook will also benefit the Vibrations and Waves Laboratory course, which is compulsory. Physics of Vibrations and Waves is one of the compulsory courses taught in the first semester of the second year in the Physics Departments of the Faculties of Science and Education of universities.
The purpose of turning these lecture notes, which are taught under the name of Vibration and Waves, into a book is that there are not enough books written in Turkish at undergraduate and graduate levels. This problem makes itself felt even more in science. Because it is not possible for university students to follow foreign sources because they do not know a foreign language. We believe that this book will be useful for both undergraduate and graduate students.
How was the universe born? How did it evolve? What is a neutron star? What is a black hole? What is dark matter? What is dark energy? What kind of end awaits the universe?
Why is a week 7 days? How was the diameter of the Earth measured in ancient times? What were the contributions of Islamic scientists to astronomy? What mistakes did Einstein make besides his great discoveries?
What can satellites do and not do? Can satellites see inside our house? Can he listen to us? How do satellites help us find addresses?
What is space law? What are space policies? What does space wars mean? What's the trend? What did Turkey do about space, what could not?
Space has always been and will continue to be a subject that has occupied humanity since time immemorial. Although books have been written on the subject of space in many languages, there is no book that covers the history of space sciences, today's space technologies, law and politics under a single cover, neither in Turkish nor in a foreign language. In an area where superstitions roam, this book; It explains scientific, technological and political developments in a language that everyone can understand.
Why is a week 7 days? How was the diameter of the Earth measured in ancient times? What were the contributions of Islamic scientists to astronomy? What mistakes did Einstein make besides his great discoveries?
What can satellites do and not do? Can satellites see inside our house? Can he listen to us? How do satellites help us find addresses?
What is space law? What are space policies? What does space wars mean? What's the trend? What did Turkey do about space, what could not?
Space has always been and will continue to be a subject that has occupied humanity since time immemorial. Although books have been written on the subject of space in many languages, there is no book that covers the history of space sciences, today's space technologies, law and politics under a single cover, neither in Turkish nor in a foreign language. In an area where superstitions roam, this book; It explains scientific, technological and political developments in a language that everyone can understand.
This book has been prepared to include the subjects of Physics II course taught in the first year of universities, especially in the fields of Basic Sciences and Engineering. Only completed subjects in the courses taught under the name of General Physics or Physics II in our universities are included in the content of this book. In all chapters, the concepts were tried to be conveyed in a simple and concise manner by avoiding the repetition of the same subjects and concepts. In particular, enough questions with solutions for each concept or subject are given and sufficient number of problems are left to the reader at the end of the chapters.
This book has been prepared to include the subjects of Physics I course taught in the first year of universities, especially in the fields of Basic Sciences and Engineering. The subjects that are only completed in the courses taught under the name of General Physics or Physics I in our universities are included in the content of this book. In all chapters, the concepts were tried to be conveyed in a simple and concise manner by avoiding the repetition of the same subjects and concepts. In particular, enough questions with solutions for each concept or subject are given and sufficient number of problems are left to the reader at the end of the chapters.