Environmental and Earth Sciences \ 1-1
The processes applied in the treatment of wastewater are constantly evolving and changing. In addition, the disposal of treatment sludge formed in treatment plants is of particular importance.
Domestic wastewater from the final collector of the city sewerage network must be treated before being discharged to the receiving environment. For this purpose, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used in the treatment of wastewater. Applications of these methods are given in this book.
Screens, grit traps, oil traps and pre-settlement pools in mechanical treatment, in biological treatment; Calculations have been made for many different alternatives such as activated sludge aeration ponds, trickling filters, rotating biodiscs, membrane bioreactors, stabilization and mechanically aerated ponds, and many sample problems have been solved at the end of each chapter.
In sludge disposal, many alternative applied problems have been made with the aim of dewatering the sludge.
At the end of the book, an applied project is designed and calculations are given for different units one by one.
In addition, the hydraulic calculations of the treatment plant were made in detail and the hydraulic profile of the treatment plant was drawn.
Finally, hydraulic calculations of the sewage sludge pipes were made and the sludge hydraulic profile was given.
Domestic wastewater from the final collector of the city sewerage network must be treated before being discharged to the receiving environment. For this purpose, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used in the treatment of wastewater. Applications of these methods are given in this book.
Screens, grit traps, oil traps and pre-settlement pools in mechanical treatment, in biological treatment; Calculations have been made for many different alternatives such as activated sludge aeration ponds, trickling filters, rotating biodiscs, membrane bioreactors, stabilization and mechanically aerated ponds, and many sample problems have been solved at the end of each chapter.
In sludge disposal, many alternative applied problems have been made with the aim of dewatering the sludge.
At the end of the book, an applied project is designed and calculations are given for different units one by one.
In addition, the hydraulic calculations of the treatment plant were made in detail and the hydraulic profile of the treatment plant was drawn.
Finally, hydraulic calculations of the sewage sludge pipes were made and the sludge hydraulic profile was given.
Environmental pollution occurs as a result of uncontrolled discharge of waste materials, which are released as a result of human activities and which are not evaluated, to the receiving environment such as air, water and soil, and causes significant changes in the ecological balance of nature. The resulting global environmental problems such as climate change, desertification, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, destruction of the ozone layer endanger the sustainability of the environment, and pose significant threats to the health, survival, food and water resources of humans and other living species.
Maintaining a healthy life is only possible with a healthy environment. For a healthy environment, the natural balance, that is, the protection of the ecosystem, is only possible with the control of environmental pollution.
This book has been prepared in order to give the necessary processes and design principles for the treatment of wastes that cause air, water and soil pollution as a result of production and consumption activities, and solutions of problems and design examples are given for a better understanding of treatment/disposal process designs.
In the first part of the book, environmental problems are briefly introduced; In the second part, as air pollution control processes, the designs of cyclones, wet scrubbers, bag filters and electrostatic filters in the retention of solid particles, physical processes such as filled absorber, adsorption, membrane in the treatment of dangerous substances in flue gases and the processes involving reactions are examined, sulfur dioxide; Examples of the design of control processes for gases that cause important environmental problems such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are given.
In the third chapter, water pollution and control processes are discussed and the physical; chemical and biological treatment processes were investigated. In this section, exemplary designs have been made by adsorption, air stripping and water purification with ion exchangers; in chemical treatment processes, precipitation, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, advanced oxidation processes are examined and sample problems are given.
The processes applied in the biological treatment of wastewater are given and the design of the activated sludge treatment system is made.
In the fourth chapter, which deals with soil pollution, physical bioremediation and chemical treatment processes are examined and sample problems are included.
In the last part of the book, solid wastes and their management are examined and re-evaluation of solid wastes; their regular storage; composting; biogas production; burning (incineration); Information about pyrolysis and gasification processes are presented and sample designs are given.
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in environmental pollution control.
Maintaining a healthy life is only possible with a healthy environment. For a healthy environment, the natural balance, that is, the protection of the ecosystem, is only possible with the control of environmental pollution.
This book has been prepared in order to give the necessary processes and design principles for the treatment of wastes that cause air, water and soil pollution as a result of production and consumption activities, and solutions of problems and design examples are given for a better understanding of treatment/disposal process designs.
In the first part of the book, environmental problems are briefly introduced; In the second part, as air pollution control processes, the designs of cyclones, wet scrubbers, bag filters and electrostatic filters in the retention of solid particles, physical processes such as filled absorber, adsorption, membrane in the treatment of dangerous substances in flue gases and the processes involving reactions are examined, sulfur dioxide; Examples of the design of control processes for gases that cause important environmental problems such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are given.
In the third chapter, water pollution and control processes are discussed and the physical; chemical and biological treatment processes were investigated. In this section, exemplary designs have been made by adsorption, air stripping and water purification with ion exchangers; in chemical treatment processes, precipitation, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, advanced oxidation processes are examined and sample problems are given.
The processes applied in the biological treatment of wastewater are given and the design of the activated sludge treatment system is made.
In the fourth chapter, which deals with soil pollution, physical bioremediation and chemical treatment processes are examined and sample problems are included.
In the last part of the book, solid wastes and their management are examined and re-evaluation of solid wastes; their regular storage; composting; biogas production; burning (incineration); Information about pyrolysis and gasification processes are presented and sample designs are given.
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in environmental pollution control.
Although studies have been carried out for more than a century in the field of "Environmental Psychology", which examines the mutual relationship between man and his natural and built environment, it has been about 60 years that the field emerged as a discipline. While we sometimes exhibit environmentally friendly behaviors in our interaction with the environment, we sometimes exhibit behaviors that harm the environment. In an area where human behavior is so important, we can say that Environmental Psychology is one of the most important disciplines we will apply to understand the behavior of individuals regarding the environment.
In human-environment interaction, we can sometimes see the damage we do to the environment without being a subject matter expert. For example, the closure of people in their homes at the beginning of the Pandemic period, which has made its impact felt all over the world as in our country since 2019, almost caused the revival of nature. We saw flowers bloom on the streets, in the streets, in places with heavy human circulation before. However, with the removal of the restriction, the signs of our going out into nature began to be visible again. We have now added masks and gloves to the objects that we used to throw on the ground (!) before. Formerly “Please do not throw garbage!” next to the warnings “Please do not throw masks!” It looks like the warnings will be added as well. These and similar events, which most of us have witnessed or somehow learned from the press, give clues about the human-nature relationship and also reveal the importance of environmental behavior.
This work named Introduction to Environmental Psychology; It will be an important resource for researchers doing postgraduate research, students taking environmental courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and all curious readers and researchers who care about the "environment", which is vital for human beings. We also consider this work as a start and hope that it will be instrumental in other studies that will contribute to the field.
In human-environment interaction, we can sometimes see the damage we do to the environment without being a subject matter expert. For example, the closure of people in their homes at the beginning of the Pandemic period, which has made its impact felt all over the world as in our country since 2019, almost caused the revival of nature. We saw flowers bloom on the streets, in the streets, in places with heavy human circulation before. However, with the removal of the restriction, the signs of our going out into nature began to be visible again. We have now added masks and gloves to the objects that we used to throw on the ground (!) before. Formerly “Please do not throw garbage!” next to the warnings “Please do not throw masks!” It looks like the warnings will be added as well. These and similar events, which most of us have witnessed or somehow learned from the press, give clues about the human-nature relationship and also reveal the importance of environmental behavior.
This work named Introduction to Environmental Psychology; It will be an important resource for researchers doing postgraduate research, students taking environmental courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and all curious readers and researchers who care about the "environment", which is vital for human beings. We also consider this work as a start and hope that it will be instrumental in other studies that will contribute to the field.
Mineralogy, which means mineral science, is a science that examines the physical, chemical, geometric, optical and crystallographic properties of minerals and classifies minerals according to these properties.
General Mineralogy, which examines minerals according to their basic physical, geometric, and crystallographic properties, and Special Mineralogy, which examines minerals by classifying them according to different properties, are tried to be taught in a single semester, not in two semesters, as in the past. Although there are many printed works in this field, there is almost no Mineralogy book that deals with General and Special Mineralogy together. At the point where geology education has reached today in the world and in Turkey, more basic subjects are covered within the scope of compulsory courses and detailed information about these subjects is given either in elective courses or in graduate education. The mineralogy book has been tried to be prepared in such a way that it combines both subjects in a way that covers the basic information, is concise enough to fit in one semester, and comprehensive enough to be taught in two semesters. Therefore, the study is intended for Geological Engineers, a handbook where many information can be easily accessed, a basic textbook for mining, geophysics, environment, agriculture and biology departments dealing directly or indirectly with mineralogy, and gemstones at associate degree, drilling and mining programs, and researchers dealing with earth sciences. Efforts were made to make it a reference book. It is inevitable that there will be some deficiencies because the work is tried to be kept in a certain volume. In order for researchers to reach more detailed information, the reference works and the addresses of the relevant web sites are given in the resources section.
I hope that the book will be useful to researchers and students in other disciplines, especially in the department of geological engineering.
General Mineralogy, which examines minerals according to their basic physical, geometric, and crystallographic properties, and Special Mineralogy, which examines minerals by classifying them according to different properties, are tried to be taught in a single semester, not in two semesters, as in the past. Although there are many printed works in this field, there is almost no Mineralogy book that deals with General and Special Mineralogy together. At the point where geology education has reached today in the world and in Turkey, more basic subjects are covered within the scope of compulsory courses and detailed information about these subjects is given either in elective courses or in graduate education. The mineralogy book has been tried to be prepared in such a way that it combines both subjects in a way that covers the basic information, is concise enough to fit in one semester, and comprehensive enough to be taught in two semesters. Therefore, the study is intended for Geological Engineers, a handbook where many information can be easily accessed, a basic textbook for mining, geophysics, environment, agriculture and biology departments dealing directly or indirectly with mineralogy, and gemstones at associate degree, drilling and mining programs, and researchers dealing with earth sciences. Efforts were made to make it a reference book. It is inevitable that there will be some deficiencies because the work is tried to be kept in a certain volume. In order for researchers to reach more detailed information, the reference works and the addresses of the relevant web sites are given in the resources section.
I hope that the book will be useful to researchers and students in other disciplines, especially in the department of geological engineering.
In our country, maps in different scales are produced for different purposes. These maps are used by different professionals in all kinds of projects and applications based on the earth. Technical staff outside the map industry should know and be able to apply the subject and simple measurement techniques in order to be able to carry out the technical principles and application projects related to the production of these maps they use. This work has been prepared in such a way that it can be a reference source for the problems related to topography of technical staff working in sectors such as construction, architecture, city and regional planning, geology, mining, environment and agriculture, especially outside the mapping sector. In addition, the main issues of the map-cadastre sector related to topographic measurements are also included in the work.