Chemical Engineering \ 1-1
Environmental pollution occurs as a result of uncontrolled discharge of waste materials, which are released as a result of human activities and which are not evaluated, to the receiving environment such as air, water and soil, and causes significant changes in the ecological balance of nature. The resulting global environmental problems such as climate change, desertification, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, destruction of the ozone layer endanger the sustainability of the environment, and pose significant threats to the health, survival, food and water resources of humans and other living species.
Maintaining a healthy life is only possible with a healthy environment. For a healthy environment, the natural balance, that is, the protection of the ecosystem, is only possible with the control of environmental pollution.
This book has been prepared in order to give the necessary processes and design principles for the treatment of wastes that cause air, water and soil pollution as a result of production and consumption activities, and solutions of problems and design examples are given for a better understanding of treatment/disposal process designs.
In the first part of the book, environmental problems are briefly introduced; In the second part, as air pollution control processes, the designs of cyclones, wet scrubbers, bag filters and electrostatic filters in the retention of solid particles, physical processes such as filled absorber, adsorption, membrane in the treatment of dangerous substances in flue gases and the processes involving reactions are examined, sulfur dioxide; Examples of the design of control processes for gases that cause important environmental problems such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are given.
In the third chapter, water pollution and control processes are discussed and the physical; chemical and biological treatment processes were investigated. In this section, exemplary designs have been made by adsorption, air stripping and water purification with ion exchangers; in chemical treatment processes, precipitation, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, advanced oxidation processes are examined and sample problems are given.
The processes applied in the biological treatment of wastewater are given and the design of the activated sludge treatment system is made.
In the fourth chapter, which deals with soil pollution, physical bioremediation and chemical treatment processes are examined and sample problems are included.
In the last part of the book, solid wastes and their management are examined and re-evaluation of solid wastes; their regular storage; composting; biogas production; burning (incineration); Information about pyrolysis and gasification processes are presented and sample designs are given.
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in environmental pollution control.
Maintaining a healthy life is only possible with a healthy environment. For a healthy environment, the natural balance, that is, the protection of the ecosystem, is only possible with the control of environmental pollution.
This book has been prepared in order to give the necessary processes and design principles for the treatment of wastes that cause air, water and soil pollution as a result of production and consumption activities, and solutions of problems and design examples are given for a better understanding of treatment/disposal process designs.
In the first part of the book, environmental problems are briefly introduced; In the second part, as air pollution control processes, the designs of cyclones, wet scrubbers, bag filters and electrostatic filters in the retention of solid particles, physical processes such as filled absorber, adsorption, membrane in the treatment of dangerous substances in flue gases and the processes involving reactions are examined, sulfur dioxide; Examples of the design of control processes for gases that cause important environmental problems such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are given.
In the third chapter, water pollution and control processes are discussed and the physical; chemical and biological treatment processes were investigated. In this section, exemplary designs have been made by adsorption, air stripping and water purification with ion exchangers; in chemical treatment processes, precipitation, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, advanced oxidation processes are examined and sample problems are given.
The processes applied in the biological treatment of wastewater are given and the design of the activated sludge treatment system is made.
In the fourth chapter, which deals with soil pollution, physical bioremediation and chemical treatment processes are examined and sample problems are included.
In the last part of the book, solid wastes and their management are examined and re-evaluation of solid wastes; their regular storage; composting; biogas production; burning (incineration); Information about pyrolysis and gasification processes are presented and sample designs are given.
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in environmental pollution control.
The reactor, the apparatus in which the reactions take place, provides the required volume or the required amount of catalyst for the reaction. Reactors should also be equipped to ensure proper temperature and concentration distribution. For this reason, the selection and design of the reactor should be made considering the ideal conditions and the economic, safe and environmentally friendly operation of the plant.
reactor design; It is obtained from simultaneous solutions of equations (mostly differential equations) obtained by considering mass and energy balances, chemical kinetic (reaction rate expression, etc.) information together.
Many accidents in industry result from poor design and operation of the chemical reactor. Therefore, a reactor should be designed under realistic conditions. In the design, not only the reactor dimensions and the design results such as the number of pipes should be considered, but also the transfer of heat energies to be taken / given in the reactor, the selection and design of the mixer in liquid reactors, the mechanical design of the reactor, safety measures and process control systems should also be designed. Since reactor safety and controllability problems will arise especially in exothermic and irreversible reactions, both the control systems and the discharge systems of the reactor should be designed very well in this type of reactors.
In the book; Basic information about mechanical design, control and safety systems in reactors is presented and industrially used batch reactor, continuously fed stirred tank reactor, piston flow fixed bed and multi-tube reactor, fluidized bed reactor, bubbling liquid-gas phase reactor and furnace reactor where thermal molecule fragmentation is performed. By giving the design principles of different types of industrial reactors, examples of their applications in this industry are given.
The examples listed below are selected from the semester projects prepared by my graduate students who took the Analysis of Chemical Reactor course that I taught at the Department of Chemical Engineering at Ege University.
• Batch Tank Reactor Design in Bioethanol Production
• Continuously Feeding Stirred Reactor in Biodiesel Production
• Cumene Production in Fixed Bed and Piston (Plug) Flow Reactor (PAR)
• Methanol Production from Carbon Dioxide in a Multi-Tube Reactor
• Production of Acrylonitrile from Propylene with a Fluidized Bed Reactor
• Ethylene Production by Thermal Cracking of Ethane
• Production of Ethylbenzenehydroperoxide from Ethylbenzene
• Reactor Design in Biological Wastewater Treatment
• Reactor Design in Wet Air Oxidation
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in industrial reactor design.
reactor design; It is obtained from simultaneous solutions of equations (mostly differential equations) obtained by considering mass and energy balances, chemical kinetic (reaction rate expression, etc.) information together.
Many accidents in industry result from poor design and operation of the chemical reactor. Therefore, a reactor should be designed under realistic conditions. In the design, not only the reactor dimensions and the design results such as the number of pipes should be considered, but also the transfer of heat energies to be taken / given in the reactor, the selection and design of the mixer in liquid reactors, the mechanical design of the reactor, safety measures and process control systems should also be designed. Since reactor safety and controllability problems will arise especially in exothermic and irreversible reactions, both the control systems and the discharge systems of the reactor should be designed very well in this type of reactors.
In the book; Basic information about mechanical design, control and safety systems in reactors is presented and industrially used batch reactor, continuously fed stirred tank reactor, piston flow fixed bed and multi-tube reactor, fluidized bed reactor, bubbling liquid-gas phase reactor and furnace reactor where thermal molecule fragmentation is performed. By giving the design principles of different types of industrial reactors, examples of their applications in this industry are given.
The examples listed below are selected from the semester projects prepared by my graduate students who took the Analysis of Chemical Reactor course that I taught at the Department of Chemical Engineering at Ege University.
• Batch Tank Reactor Design in Bioethanol Production
• Continuously Feeding Stirred Reactor in Biodiesel Production
• Cumene Production in Fixed Bed and Piston (Plug) Flow Reactor (PAR)
• Methanol Production from Carbon Dioxide in a Multi-Tube Reactor
• Production of Acrylonitrile from Propylene with a Fluidized Bed Reactor
• Ethylene Production by Thermal Cracking of Ethane
• Production of Ethylbenzenehydroperoxide from Ethylbenzene
• Reactor Design in Biological Wastewater Treatment
• Reactor Design in Wet Air Oxidation
In conclusion, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students and engineers interested in industrial reactor design.
Mass and energy balances play an important role in the analysis and design of processes involving physical and biological changes. As a result, courses covering the basic principles and applications of mass-energy balances are included in chemistry, food and bioengineering education programs.
The basic concepts of process control, which play a critical role in both product quality and safe operation of the facility in the industry, are also derived from mass-energy balances.
In this book, the basic concepts of mass and energy balances are given and their applications in industries involving physical, chemical and biological changes are presented with many examples.
In the first part of the book, processes and process variables are defined, the concept of degrees of freedom and problem solving techniques are given. In the second and third chapters, by giving the basic concepts of mass and energy balances for steady state, many examples are presented about their applications in chemical plants and especially in bioprocesses.
In the fourth chapter of the book, the industrial applications of mass-energy balances are presented by selecting iron production from iron ore and diethyl ether production facilities from ethyl alcohol.
In the last part of the book, detailed information is given about mass-energy balances in unsteady processes involving time-dependent process variables; The applications of unsteady mass-energy balances in processes involving reaction engineering, process dynamics and control and biochemical reactions are explained and their importance in research is emphasized.
As a result, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on mass and energy balances in Food, Bio and Control Engineering departments, as well as for engineers who are interested in process design, simulation and control in industry.
The basic concepts of process control, which play a critical role in both product quality and safe operation of the facility in the industry, are also derived from mass-energy balances.
In this book, the basic concepts of mass and energy balances are given and their applications in industries involving physical, chemical and biological changes are presented with many examples.
In the first part of the book, processes and process variables are defined, the concept of degrees of freedom and problem solving techniques are given. In the second and third chapters, by giving the basic concepts of mass and energy balances for steady state, many examples are presented about their applications in chemical plants and especially in bioprocesses.
In the fourth chapter of the book, the industrial applications of mass-energy balances are presented by selecting iron production from iron ore and diethyl ether production facilities from ethyl alcohol.
In the last part of the book, detailed information is given about mass-energy balances in unsteady processes involving time-dependent process variables; The applications of unsteady mass-energy balances in processes involving reaction engineering, process dynamics and control and biochemical reactions are explained and their importance in research is emphasized.
As a result, this book has been prepared as a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on mass and energy balances in Food, Bio and Control Engineering departments, as well as for engineers who are interested in process design, simulation and control in industry.
The first calculations to be made in the analysis of the physical, chemical and biological processes in which chemical substances are produced include the determination of process variables such as flow rate, composition, temperature, pressure and/or the application of mass and energy balances that provide the derivation of model equations that will give the relations between known process variables and unknown variables. .
Therefore, stoichiometry course, which covers the basic principles and applications of mass-energy balances, plays an important role in process engineering education. The book, Mass and Energy Balances with Solved Problems in Chemical Processes, which was written for this purpose, was not only intended for chemical engineering education, but was also written to contribute to the education of bioengineering, food and environmental engineering dealing with biological processes. given.
In the Prepared Mass and Energy Balances Solution Book; The solutions of the training problems are given, and the mass and energy balances of the methanol production plant from carbon dioxide are presented in addition to the applications of mass and energy balances in the industry.
In each part of the book, the concepts of mass/energy equivalence are briefly summarized, and the adaptation of the readers to the solved problems is tried to be provided.
Therefore, stoichiometry course, which covers the basic principles and applications of mass-energy balances, plays an important role in process engineering education. The book, Mass and Energy Balances with Solved Problems in Chemical Processes, which was written for this purpose, was not only intended for chemical engineering education, but was also written to contribute to the education of bioengineering, food and environmental engineering dealing with biological processes. given.
In the Prepared Mass and Energy Balances Solution Book; The solutions of the training problems are given, and the mass and energy balances of the methanol production plant from carbon dioxide are presented in addition to the applications of mass and energy balances in the industry.
In each part of the book, the concepts of mass/energy equivalence are briefly summarized, and the adaptation of the readers to the solved problems is tried to be provided.
Combining reaction kinetics with reactor design, Reaction Engineering provides the information necessary for the design and operation of the reactor required for the production of many chemicals.
The reactor is the device where the reactions are carried out and constitutes the most important process of the chemical plant. The economical, safe and environmentally friendly operation of the plant is highly dependent on the selection and design of the reactor.
Reactor design is obtained from simultaneous solutions of equations (mostly differential equations) obtained by considering mass and energy balances, chemical kinetic (reaction rate expression, etc.) information together. As a result, in the design of a reactor, first of all, it is necessary to know the reactor type and the rate expressions of the reactions occurring in the reactor.
Different products can be produced from the same reagents by using different catalysts. Therefore, the development of catalysts in reaction engineering is also a very important issue. The most important feature of the catalyst is that it increases the reaction rate considerably compared to the case when the catalyst is not used.
On the other hand, the designs of bioreactors, which include biochemical reactions using enzymes and microorganisms, are also among the important issues in reaction engineering.
In this book, which was written with the aim of giving the basic principles of Reaction Engineering:
• Equilibrium in chemical reactions, determination of reaction rate, reaction efficiency and selectivity,
• Preparation of catalysts, determination of their properties, rate limiting steps in catalytic reactions, effects of internal and external mass transfers in catalytic reactions, deactivation of catalysts,
• Selection criteria and designs of chemical reactors,
• Biochemical reactions, enzyme and microbial kinetics, mass transfer processes in biochemical reactions and bioreactor design,
• Matlab and Polymath applications in Reaction Engineering
and the necessary information for reactor design is presented to the reader with sample problems.
The reactor is the device where the reactions are carried out and constitutes the most important process of the chemical plant. The economical, safe and environmentally friendly operation of the plant is highly dependent on the selection and design of the reactor.
Reactor design is obtained from simultaneous solutions of equations (mostly differential equations) obtained by considering mass and energy balances, chemical kinetic (reaction rate expression, etc.) information together. As a result, in the design of a reactor, first of all, it is necessary to know the reactor type and the rate expressions of the reactions occurring in the reactor.
Different products can be produced from the same reagents by using different catalysts. Therefore, the development of catalysts in reaction engineering is also a very important issue. The most important feature of the catalyst is that it increases the reaction rate considerably compared to the case when the catalyst is not used.
On the other hand, the designs of bioreactors, which include biochemical reactions using enzymes and microorganisms, are also among the important issues in reaction engineering.
In this book, which was written with the aim of giving the basic principles of Reaction Engineering:
• Equilibrium in chemical reactions, determination of reaction rate, reaction efficiency and selectivity,
• Preparation of catalysts, determination of their properties, rate limiting steps in catalytic reactions, effects of internal and external mass transfers in catalytic reactions, deactivation of catalysts,
• Selection criteria and designs of chemical reactors,
• Biochemical reactions, enzyme and microbial kinetics, mass transfer processes in biochemical reactions and bioreactor design,
• Matlab and Polymath applications in Reaction Engineering
and the necessary information for reactor design is presented to the reader with sample problems.
Thermodynamics, which is one of the basic engineering sciences, is given in the work within the framework of logical order, since its subjects are settled. The titles in the work that will benefit students who receive technical sciences and engineering education at associate and undergraduate level are listed as follows:
Basic thermodynamic concepts and definitions, properties of pure matter, ideal gas and ideal gas laws, first law of thermodynamics, second law and entropy, basic processes, theoretical and real cycles of four and two-stroke engines, theoretical and real cycles of gas turbines, aviation gas turbines, steam power cycles, refrigeration and heat pump cycles, fuels and combustion.
In the book, the subjects are handled in a very concise manner; laws, procedures and practices are discussed in an easy-to-understand manner without going into details. SI units are used in the book, and many sample problems are included in each chapter to help understanding the topics and principles. A sufficient number of study problems are added at the end of the chapters and their answers are given at the end of the problems. In the appendices, there are various charts used in solving the problems in the book.
Basic thermodynamic concepts and definitions, properties of pure matter, ideal gas and ideal gas laws, first law of thermodynamics, second law and entropy, basic processes, theoretical and real cycles of four and two-stroke engines, theoretical and real cycles of gas turbines, aviation gas turbines, steam power cycles, refrigeration and heat pump cycles, fuels and combustion.
In the book, the subjects are handled in a very concise manner; laws, procedures and practices are discussed in an easy-to-understand manner without going into details. SI units are used in the book, and many sample problems are included in each chapter to help understanding the topics and principles. A sufficient number of study problems are added at the end of the chapters and their answers are given at the end of the problems. In the appendices, there are various charts used in solving the problems in the book.